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C:>AC52, ..!5@528B8=>2, ..>20G52, (..'>3>20475 2O 10H30;0@K N7 8H;O@8 OA0AK=40 8=:8H0D 5B48@<8H48@. /@703 <0;;0@K O<BOOHF=0A;KLK=K= A>=@0:K 8=:8H0DK, 1C 0;8<;O@8= 5;<8 OAO@;O@8 2O 4O@A;8:;O@8=4O 0?0@K;0= BO43830B 8H;O@8=8= M5=8H =OB86O;O@8=O 2O BN2A89O;O@8=O OA0A;0=0@03 N7 O:A8=8 B0?0 18;<8H48@. /@703 <0;;0@K O<BOOHF=0A;KLK=0 084 4 B><;C3 4O@A;8: 2 4ODO (1938 2O 1949-6C 8;;O@4O) 95=84O= =OH@ >;C=<CH4C@. !>=C=6C =OH@ (1949-6C 8;) $..!5@528B8=>2C= E0B8@OA8=8= O1O48;OH48@8;<OA8=O IOA@ >;C=<CH4C@. 1941-68 8;4O ?@>D5AA>@ .!.!<8@=>2C= @540:B>@;CLC 0;BK=40 2O A>=@0;0@ 2 4ODO 95=84O= =OH@ 548;<8H (1946-6K 2O 1954-6F 8;;O@) 83B8A048990B D0:F;BOA8 FGF= /@703 <0;;0@K O<BOOHF=0A;KLK F7@O 4O@A;8: I07K@;0=<KH4K@. 1957-1965-68 8;;O@4O O@703 <0;;0@K O<BOOHF=0A;KLK F7@O 8 4O@A;8: =OH@ 548;<8H48@. C 4O@A;8:;O@8= 1O78;O@8 3-4 4ODO 95=84O= =OH@ >;C=<CH4C@. >>?5@0B82 8=AB8BCB;0@K= BO;O1O;O@8 2O B5E=8:C<;0@ FGF= 09@K60 4O@A;8:;O@ 4O =OH@ 548;<8H48@. 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C 8=AB8BCBC= !>25B "860@OB8 D0:F;BOA8=4O B860@OB :><8AA0@;KLK A8AB5<8 FGF= O<BOOHF=0A;0@K= I07K@;0=<0AK=0 10H;0=K@. $0:F;BO=8= BO@:818=4O O<BOOHF=0A;K3 :0D54@0AK DO0;899OB MNABO@8@48 :8, >=C= 40 <F48@8 10H <FO;;8< .#.C;8952, D0:F;BO=8= 45:0=K 8AO ..8@10LK@>2 >;<CH4C.  4N2@4O 8=AB8BCB40 10H0 G0B4K@K;0= 48AA5@B0A890;0@ 8GO@8A8=4O 7O@10960= !! -4O 8:8=68 AC1B@>?8: 10704K@, 7O@10960= 7ODO@0=K :8<8 <N27C;0@ AC1B@>?8: 2O 5D8@ 90L;K 18B:8;O@8= :8<9O28 BO@:818=8= 2O AO<O@O;8 8AB8D04OA8=8= N9@O=8;<OA8=O IOA@ >;C=<CH4C. 1941-1945-68 8;;O@4O 1C 8=AB8BCB 7O@10960= N2;OB #=825@A8B5B8=8= BO@:818=4O 83B8A04 D0:F;BOA8 :8<8 DO0;899OB MNABO@<8H48. $0:F;BO4O:8 5 8EB8A0A :0D54@0;0@K=40= 18@8 4O O<BOOHF=0A;K3 :0D54@0AK 848. N@4 8;;8: D0A8;O4O= A>=@0 1945-68 8;8= 90=20@K=40= 7O@10960= %0;3 "OAO@@FD0BK =AB8BCBC 95=84O= DO0;899OBO 10H;04K. )O<8= 8;4O= 8=AB8BCB40 /<BOOHF=0A;K3 2O 8<90 :0D54@0AK 90@04K;4K. 0:8= 5;<8 4O@O6O;8 <FBOEOAA8A;O@ >;<04KLK FGF= 1C :0D54@0;0@40 <F48@ 2O78DOA8 18@ <F44OB 1>H 30;<KH4K. 1945-1959-6C 8;;O@4O <FABO38; DO0;899OB MNABO@O= 7.%"-=8= 9F:AO;8H8 4O, BO=O77F;F 4O >;<CH4C. 1959-6C 8;4O 7.%"-=8= DO0;899OB8 >195:B82 2O AC195:B82 AO1O1;O@4O= 4090=4K@K;<KH 2O 7O@10960= N2;OB #=825@A8B5B8=8= BO@:818=O 95M0=O 83B8A04 D0:F;BOA8 :8<8 30BK;<KH4K. #-40 DO0;899OB MNABO@O= 83B8A04 D0:F;BOA8=8= OA0AK=40 1962-68 8;4O 95=84O= O<BOOHF=0A;K3 D0:F;BOA8 4O 90@04K;<KH4K. 1965-68 8;4O !>2. -=K= <0@B 2O A5=B901@ ?;5=C<;0@K=K= 3O@0@;0@K=K= 95@8=O 95B8@8;<OA8 <FBBOD83 @5A?C1;8:0;0@K= 83B8A048990BK=40 4N=FH 90@0B4K. ;8 BOIA8;;8 83B8A04GK;0@0 2O O<BOOHF=0A;0@0 BO;O10B 0@B4K. OI7 1C=0 MN@O 1966-6K 8; D52@0;K= 10-40 !!  078@;O@ !>25B8 0:K40 7.%"-=8= 90@04K;<0AK I033K=40 3O@0@ 3O1C; 5B48. )O<8= 3O@0@ OA0AK=40 @5A?C1;8:0 IN:C<OB8=8= 7.%"-=8= 1O@?0 548;<OA8 2O <FABO38; DO0;899OBO 10H;0<0AK 8;O 10L;K 3O1C; 5B4898 <F20D83 3O@0@;0 1966-6K 8; A5=B901@K= 1-4O= 7O@10960= N2;OB #=825@A8B5B8=8= BO@:818=4O DO0;899OB MNABO@O= 83B8A04 2O O<BOOHF=0A;K3 D0:F;BO;O@8 7.%"-=8= B015;898=O 25@8;48. 9=8 70<0=40 7O@10960= 5DB-8<90 =AB8BCBC=C= <FIO=48A-83B8A04 D0:F;BOA8=8= BO;O1O;O@8 N7 BOIA8;;O@8=8 7.%"-4O 4020< 5B48@<O9O 10H;04K;0@. =AB8BCB40 5 D0:F;BO BOH:8; >;C=4C :8, 1C=;0@40= O= G>E BO;O1OA8 >;0= O<BOOHF=0A;K3 D0:F;BOA8 848. 5=8 90@04K;0= %0;3 "OAO@@FD0BK =AB8BCBC=0 B0@8E 5;<;O@8 4>:B>@C, ?@>D. !O;2O@ 70 >L;C A;0=>2 (1966-1973) @5:B>@ BO98= 548;48. !>=@0:K 8;;O@4O 7.%"-9O 59=0; O<<O4 >L;C /;O:1O@>2 (89C;/1973  89C;/1986) 2O 0I81 A<09K; >L;C C;8952 (A5=B901@/1986  D52@0;/1989) @OI1O@;8: 5B<8H;O@. OI7 ..C;89528= DO0;899OB8 4N2@F=4O 7.%"-=8= DO0;899OB8 4090=4K@K;4K 2O 1987-68 8;8= >:B901@K=40 0@BK3 5=8=3@04 0;899O-3B8A04 =AB8BCBC=C= 0:K D8;80;K=0 G52@8;48. C 8H4O > 4N2@4O >A:2040 @OI1O@ 2O78DO4O 8H;O9O= 5@<O=8;O@8= ((0I=O7O@>2, !8B0@90= 2O A.) @>;C N7 =OB86OA8=8 25@<8H48. =AB8BCB 40E8;8=4O 8=AB8BCBC E0BK@;040= 2O 2500-4O= G>E BO;O1OA8 >;0= O<BOOHF=0A;K3 D0:F;BOA8=O OA0A 8EB8A0A;0@ F7@O 1987-68 8;4O 3O1C; 4090=4K@K;4K. $0:F;BO=8= 04K 4O98H48@8;81 O22O;6O B860@OB-O<BOOHF=0A;K3, A>=@0 B860@OB-83B8A04 2O =OI09OB O<BOOHF=0A;K3 8EB8A0A;0@K 8=AB8BCB40= :O=0@ 548;48:4O= A>=@0 :><<5@A890 04;0=4K@K;4K. ><<5@A890 D0:F;BOA8=4O BOIA8; 0;0= BO;O1O;O@O /<BOOHF=0A;KLK= OA0A;0@K DO==8 4O BO4@8A 548;8@48.  4N2@4O -=8= 0:K D8;80;K=0 C7C= 8;;O@ O<BOOHF=0A;K3 D0:F;BOA8=4O 45:0= 8H;O<8H (1970-1984) ?@>D. $C04 OA@C;;0 >L;C /;OAMO@>2 @OI1O@;8: 5B<OA8=O (1989-1992) 10E<090@03 -4O O<BOOHF=0A;K3 F7@O <F20D83 D0:F;BO 2O :04@;0@K= >;<04KLK=K OA0A MNBF@O@O: 1989-6C 8;8= A5=B901@ 09K=40= O<BOOHF=0A;K3 8EB8A0AK F7@O BOIA8; 0;0= BO;O1O;O@ 2O 8EB8A0A :0D54@0;0@K=K= ?@>D5AA>@-<FO;;8< I59OB8 4>L<0 :>;;5:B824O= C703;0H4K@K;4K, B0<0<8;O 904, I5G 2O6I;O 8EB8A0AK=0 C9LC= >;<090= 18@ :>;;5:B82;O  7O@10960= 5DB-8<90 =AB8BCBC 8;O  7>@;0 18@;OH48@8;48. 5;O;8:;O 1930-6C 8;4O= 7.%"-4O DO0;899OB MNABO@O= O<BOOHF=0A;K3 D0:F;BOA8 484O@M8= 49H4F. 1990-6K 8;4O= O<BOOHF=0A;K3 D0:C;BOA8 1FBF= :>;;5:B828 8;O 7O@10960= "5E=>;>M890 =AB8BCBC=0 BOI:8< >;C=4C 2O IO<8= 8=AB8BCBC= 0:K /<BOOHF=0A;K3 D0:F;BOA8 DO0;899OBO 10H;04K. 1992-68 8;4O D0:F;BO=8= OA0AK=40 7."-=8= 0:K D8;80;K 2O 7O@10960= 5A?C1;8:0AK=K= 078@;O@ 018=5B8=8= 01 A5=B901@ 1993-6F 8; B0@8E;8 471 A09;K 3O@0@K 8;O 0:K /<BOOHF=0A;K3-><<5@A890 =AB8BCBC 90@04K;4K. /<BOOHF=0A;K3 D0:F;BOA8=8= 2O 8EB8A0AK=K= <OI2 >;<0<0AK=40, 7O@10960= "5E=>;>M890 =AB8BCBC=C= 0:K /<BOOHF=0A;K3 D0:F;BOA8=8= 2O 0:K D8;80;K=K= 90@04K;<0AK=40 2O O;O;EFACA 0:K /<BOOHF=0A;K3-><<5@A890 =AB8BCBC=C= 90@04K;K1 8 8; <F2ODDO3899OB;O <FABO38; DO0;899OB MNABO@<OA8=4O I07K@40 7O@10960= N2;OB 3B8A04 #=825@A8B5B8=8= "5E=8:8 2O "5E=>;>J8 8EB8A0A;0@ F7@O ?@>@5:B>@C, 7O@10960=40 359@8-O@703 <0;;0@K O<BOOHF=0A;KLK 8EB8A0AK F7@O 95M0=O ?@>D5AA>@ >;0= /;8 O=0I >L;C )OAO=>2C= E84<OB;O@8 BO348@O ;098348@. =C= MO@M8= O<O98 A09OA8=4O 1C MF= O<BOOHF=0A;K3 8EB8A0A;0@K F7@O BO;O1O 3O1C;C 2O <FBOEOAA8A I07K@;KLK 4020< 548@, <F20D83 :0D54@0;0@ DO0;899OB MNABO@8@. @BK3 MN@F=4F9F :8<8 O<BOOHF=0A;K3 8EB8A0AK F7@O :04@ I07K@;KLK 1930-6C 8;4O= 10H;090@03 7O@10960= %0;3 "OAO@@FD0BK =AB8BCBC (1930-1959), !..8@>2 04K=0 # (1959-1966), .F=904704O 04K=0 7.%" (1966-1990), 7" (1990-1993) 2O 0:K /<BOOHF=0A;K3-><<5@A890 =AB8BCBC=40 (1993-2000) 0?0@K;<KH4K@. /<BOOHF=0A;K3 F7@O :04@;0@ A>25B 4N2@F=4O >A:20 >>?5@0B82 =AB8BCBC=C= 0:K D8;80;K=40 2O I07K@40 7O@10960= >>?5@0A890 #=825@A8B5B8=4O I07K@;0=K@. #7C= 8;;O@ >@B0 8EB8A0A;K O<BOOHF=0A;0@ 0:K !>25B "860@OB8 "5E=8:C<C 2O 0:K >>?5@0B82 "860@OB8 "5E=8:C<C=40 40 I07K@;0=<KH4K@. 7O@10960= 5A?C1;8:0AK=40 BOIA8; A8AB5<8=8= BO:<8;;OH48@8;<OA8 I033K=40 7O@10960= 5A?C1;8:0AK @57845=B8=8= 13 89C= 2000-68 8; B0@8E;8 349 A09;K DO@<0=K=0 OA0AO= 7O@10960= N2;OB 3B8A04 =AB8BCBC=C= 2O 0:K /<BOOHF=0A;K3-><<5@A890 =AB8BCBC=C= 1070AK OA0AK=40 7O@10960= N2;OB 3B8A04 #=825@A8B5B8 90@04K;4K. 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FEBO;8D 0;8 <O:BO1;O@4O DO0;899OB MNABO@O= O<BOOHF=0A;K3 D0:F;BOA8=O <FEBO;8D 8;;O@4O /14F; /IO4 AMO=4O@>2, L0IFA59= C;8952, !>;B0= !0;<0=>2 (1964-1972), $C04 /;OAMO@>2 (1972-1984), /I<O4-018@ /I<O4>2 (1984-1987), /;8 )OAO=>2 (1989-1992), ">D83 A<0=>2 (1992-2003) @OI1O@;8: 5B<8H;O@. /<BOOHF=0A;K3 D0:F;BOA8 <OI7 N7 8=:8H0DK=K= 9F:AO: <O@IO;OA8=O 1966-6K 8;4O= A>=@0 3O4O< 3>9<CH4C.  4N2@4O= 10H;090@03 18@-18@8=8= 0@4K 8;O "0;K1E0= OA8@>2 (1966), ;89O 0@0H0@;K (1966), 078< CAB0D0952 (1968), /;8 )OAO=>2 (1969), 020=H8@ O;8<O<<O4>2 (1972), /I<O4-018@ /I<O4>2 (1972), !018@ ADO=4890@>2 (1972), C@O448= )OAO=>2 (1975), OH84O "5<8@1C;0B>20 (1974), ">D83 A<0=>2 (1981), 5=D8@0 OA8@>20 (1978) 2O 10H30;0@K O<BOOHF=0A;K3 F7@O =0<87O4;8: 48AA5@B0A890;0@K <F40D8O 5B<8H48;O@. @BK3 1980-68 8;4O 7O@10960=40 O<BOOHF=0A;K3 8EB8A0A;0@K F7@O 5;<8-?5403>J8 :04@;0@ =OA;8 D>@<0;0H<KH4K. /@703 <0;;0@K O<BOOHF=0A;KLK :0D54@0AK=K= 4>A5=B;O@8=4O= .!.0@0H0@;K 1984-6F 8;4O 2O ..;907>20 1991-68 8;4O "5E=>;>M890 8EB8A0AK=K= 3>2CHCLC=40 4>:B>@;C3 48AA5@B0A890AK <F40D8O 5B<8H;O@. 1.3.2. /@703 <0;;0@K O<BOOHF=0A;KLK 8EB8A0AK F7@O 0?0@K6K 0;8<;O@ /<BOOHF=0A;K3 2O B860@OB :04@;0@K=K= I07K@;0=<0AK=40 O2O7A87 E84<OB;O@8 >;<CH <O@IC< /14F;OIO4 14C;;0 >L;C AMO=4O@>2 (1912-1964), L0IFA59= 0;0-1010 >L;C C;8952 (1901-1966), !>;B0= 4KH8@8= >L;C !0;<0=>2 (1912-1979), "0;K1E0= )OBO<E0= >L;C OA8@>2, 078< !59D8 >L;C CAB0D0952 (1934-1994), 8@IFA59= 8@10LK@>2, O<<O4O;8 59=0;>2 2O 10H30;0@K=K 3594 5B<O: >;0@. C 0;8<;O@ I033K=40 A>= 70<0=;0@ =OH@ >;C=0= 1O78 4O@A;8:;O@4O (21) ;07K<8 3O4O@ <O;C<0B 25@8;4898 FGF= >=;0@K BO:@0@ 5B<O: 8ABO<O48:. 0:8= 7O@10960=40 /@703 <0;;0@K O<BOOHF=0A;KLK 8EB8A0AK F7@O 8;: 0;8<;O@ I033K=40 18@ 3O4O@ <FDOAAO; <O;C<0B 25@<O: 1C 8EB8A0A F7@O BOIA8; 0;0= BO;O1O;O@ FGF= <0@03;K >;0@4K. /@703 <0;;0@K O<BOOHF=0A;KLK :0D54@0AK 1967-68 8;4O /<BOOHF=0A;K3 :0D54@0AK=K= BO@:818=4O= 09@K;0@03 BOH:8; 548;<8H48, ;0:8= 1C A0IO F7@O <FBOEOAA8A;O@8= I07K@;0=<0AK 30-6C 8;;O@4O= 10H;0<KH4K@. 0D54@090 <FEBO;8D 20EB;0@40 4>A. 078< CAB0D0952 (1967-1973), 4>A. ;89O 0@0H0@;K (1973-1983), 4>A. /I<O4-018@ /I<O4>2 (1983-1984, 1989-2001), ?@>D. ;89O 0@0H0@;K (1984-1989) 2O 4>A. !018@ ADO=4890@>2 (2001-68 8;8= D52@0;K=40= 1C MF=O4O:) @OI1O@;8: 5B<8H;O@. /@703 <0;;0@K O<BOOHF=0A;KLK F7@O 7O@10960= 48;8=4O 8;: 4O@A;8: 2O 4O@A 2OA08B;O@8 L0IFA59= C;8952 2O /14F;OIO4 AMO=4O@>2 BO@OD8=4O= =OH@ >;C=<CH4C@. .C;8952 (1902-1966) !F4 <OIAC;;0@K=K= O<BOOHF=0A;KLK (1935), 598=B8 <OIAC;;0@K=K= O<BOOHF=0A;KLK (1950), 4O@A;8: 2O 4O@A 2OA08B;O@8=8=, 5;O6O 4O >=;0@;0 5;<8 OAO@;O@8= <FO;;8D848@. 1974-6F 8;4O= 10H;090@03 /@703 <0;;0@K O<BOOHF=0A;KLK F7@O A0=10;;K OAO@;O@, <>=>3@0D890;0@, 4O@A 2OA08B;O@8 2O 1990-6K 8;;O@4O= A>=@0 4O@A;8:;O@ 907K;<KH4K@. 7O@10960=40 /@703 <0;;0@K O<BOOHF=0A;KLK F7@O OA0A 4O@A;8: 2O 4O@A 2OA08B;O@8=8= <FO;;8D;O@8 ?@>D. /../I<O4>2, 4>A. !.).ADO=4890@>2, 4>A. .%.CA0952 2O >>?5@0A890 #=825@A8B5B8=8= O<O:40H;0@K=40= ?@>D. $.).EC=4>2 2O ?@>D. ../;895248@. 1970-68 8;4O= 1C MF=O :8<8 // :0D54@0AK O<O:40H;0@K BO@OD8=4O= BO4@8A >;C=0= DO=;O@ F7@O 6 4O@A;8:, 20 4O@A 2OA08B8, 40-0 3O4O@ <5B>48: 2OA08B, 20-4O= G>E ?@>3@0<, 25 <>=>3@0D890 2O :8B01, 500-4O= G>E 5;<8 <O30;O =OH@ 548;<8H48@. /14F;-/IO4 14C;;0 >L;C AMO=4O@>2 (1912-1964) /@703 <0;;0@K O<BOOHF=0A;KLK 8EB8A0AK F7@O 8;: <FO;;8< 2O BO43830BGK 0;8<;O@4O= 18@848@. , 1954-6F 8;4O >A:2040 7O@10960=40 8AB5IA0; >;C=0= 30@0 <OE<O@8 G09K= :59D899OB8=8= E0@0:B5@8ABL8:0AK <OAO;O;O@8 <N27CAC=40 =0<87O4;8: 48AA5@B0A890AK <F40D8O 5B<8H48@. , IO< 4O /@703 <0;;0@K O<BOOHF=0A;KLK 8EB8A0AK F7@O 4>A5=B 2O78DOA8=O A5G8;O= 8;: O<BOOHF=0A 0;8< 848. "0<;K <0;;0@K= O<BOOHF=0A;KLK=0 408@ 4O@A 2OA08B8=8= 2O G09 I033K=40 <>=>3@0D890=K= <FO;;8D848@. /..AMO=4O@>2 >A:20=K= 0?0@K6K O<BOOHF=0A 0;8<;O@8 8;O 18@MO /@703 <0;;0@K O<BOOHF=0A;KLK 4O@A;898=8= 907K;<0AK=40 8HB8@0: 5B<8H 8;: 07O@10960=;K O<BOOHF=0A 0;8<;O@4O= 18@8 >;<CH4C@. 9@K-09@K 8;;O@4O /..AMO=4O@>2 /<BOOHF=0A;K3 D0:F;BOA8=O 2O 59=8 04;K :0D54@090 @OI1O@;8: 5B<8H48@. /AO@;O@8: /@703 <0;;0@K O<BOOHF=0A;KLK (G09, 3OI2O, O42899O;O@ 2O B0<;K 30B3K;0@). 0:K, 7O@BO4@8A=OH@, 1963 (4O@A 2OA08B8), '09, 8AB5IA0;K, G5H848 2O :59D899OB MNABO@868;O@8. 0:K, 7O@=OH@. 1962 2O A. 40-40= G>E 5;<8 OAO@ 907<KH4K@. 078< !59D8 >L;C CAB0D0952 (1934-1994) /@703 <0;;0@K O<BOOHF=0A;KLK 8EB8A0AK=K= D>@<0;0H<0AK=40 EFACA8 DO0;;K3 MNABO@<8H 2O 1967-1973-6F 8;;O@4O 95=86O 90@04K;<KH /@703 <0;;0@K O<BOOHF=0A;KLK :0D54@0AK=0 @OI1O@;8: 5B<8H48@. .!.CAB0D0952 0;8 <O:BO18 DO@3;O=<O 48?;><C 8;O 18B8@<8H, 8AB5IA0;0B40= 09@K;<03;0 0A?8@0=BC@040 >EC<CH 2O 1968-68 8;4O "18;8A8 N2;OB #=825@A8B5B8=4O 7O@10960=K= <8;;8 C=;C 3O==04K <O<C;0B;0@K 2O >=;0@K= O<BOOHF=0A;K3 E0@0:B5@8AB8:0AK <N27CAC=40 48AA5@B0A890 <F40D8O 5B<8H48@. /AO@;O@8: 7O@10960= H8@=8990BK. 0:K, 7O@=OH@, 1971. 8H0AB0=K=, HO:O@8= 2O 3O==04K <0;;0@K=K= O<BOOHF=0A;KLK. O@A 2OA08B8. 0:K, 1983 (/../I<O4>2;0 18@MO). /@703 <0;;0@K O<BOOHF=0A;KLK=K= =O7O@8 OA0A;0@K. O@A 2OA08B8. 0:K, 1987 (/../I<O4>2;0 18@MO) 2O A. 60-40= G>E 5;<8 OAO@ 907<KH4K@. ;89O !>;B0= 3K7K 0@0H0@;K (1937) /@703 <0;;0@K O<BOOHF=0A;KLK 8EB8A0AK F7@O 8;: 4>:B>@;C3 48AA5@B0A890AK (B5E=>;>M890 8EB8A0AK=K= 3>2CHCLC=40) <F40D8O 54O= ?@>D5AA>@4C@. , >A:2040 1966-6K 8;4O =0<87O4;8:, 1984-6F 8;4O 8AO 4>:B>@;C3 48AA5@B0A890;0@K <F40D8O 5B<8H48@. 15 8; :0D54@0 <F48@8 2O78DOA8=4O 8H;O<8H48@. 1996-6K 8;4O= >A:2040 8H;O<8H, I07K@40 BO30F44O48@. /AO@;O@8: @0=0B 8 53> 8A?>;L7>20=85 0:C. 75@=5H@, 1979 (@CA 48;8=4O). 592O 2O BO@O2O78= O<BOOHF=0A;KLK. O@A 2OA08B8. 0:K, + I8AAO 1981, ++ I8AAO 1982 (/../I<O4>2;0 18@MO) 2O A. 60-40= G>E 5;<8 OAO@8 20@. !018@ )FA59=0;K >L;C ADO=4890@>2 (1939) 1963-6F 8;4O 7O@10960= N2;OB #=825@A8B5B8=8 /@703 <0;;0@K O<BOOHF=0A;KLK 2O B860@OB8= BOH:8;8 8EB8A0AK F7@O DO@3;O=<O 48?;><C 8;O 18B8@<8H48@. 8@ <F44OB 8AB5IA0;0B40 G0;KH<KH 2O 1967-70-68 8;;O@4O 8AB5IA0;0B40= 09@K;<03;0 0A?8@0=BC@040 >EC<CH4C@. 1972-68 8;4O "18;8A8 N2;OB #=825@A8B5B8=4O 0;10A 3>9C=C=40= 0;K=0= OB8= O<BOO;8: E0AAO;O@8=8= N9@O=8;<OA8 <N27CAC=40 =0<87O4;8: 48AA5@B0A890AK <F40D8O 5B<8H48@. 1970-68 8;4O= 5;<8-?5403>J8 DO0;899OB4O48@. 1976-6K 8;4O= 4>A5=B 2O78DOA8=4O, 2001-68 8;8= D52@0;K=40= 8AO :0D54@0 <F48@8 2O78DOA8=4O G0;KHK@. /AO@;O@8: C<C@B0 2O 9C<C@B0 <OIAC;;0@K=K= O<BOOHF=0A;KLK. O@A 2OA08B8. 0:K, 1978. 598=B8 <OIAC;;0@K O<BOOHF=0A;KLK (/B 2O OB <OIAC;;0@K). O@A 2OA08B8. 0:K, 00@8D, 1982 (?@>D. /../I<O4>2;0 18@MO), 598=B8 <OIAC;;0@K=K= A>9C4C6C;C3 B5E=8:0AK 2O B5E=>;>M890AK. O@A;8:. 0:K, 00@8D, 1998, /@703 <0;;0@K=K= G8@:;O=<OA8, 0:K, 7O@=OH@, 1992 2O A. 100-4O= G>E OAO@8= <FO;;8D848@. /I<O4>2 /I<O4-018@ A<09K; >L;C (1942) 1968-68 8;4O .F=904704O 04K=0 7O@10960= %0;3 "OAO@@FD0BK =AB8BCBC=C /@703 <0;;0@K O<BOOHF=0A;KLK 2O B860@OB8= BOH:8;8 8EB8A0AK F7@O DO@3;O=<O 48?;><C 8;O 18B8@<8H48@. ;8 <O:BO1O 40E8; >;0=0 3O4O@ ?5HO BOIA8;8 0;<KH, 8AB5IA0;0B40 7-68 4O@O6O;8 3O==04GK, >@4C40 E84<OB 54O@:O= 0H?07 8H;O<8H48@. 1968-1971-68 8;;O@4O 8AB5IA0;0B40= 09@K;<03;0 0A?8@0=BC@040 >EC<CH4C@. 1973-6F 8;8= 90=20@K=40 "18;8A8 N2;OB #=825@A8B5B8 /<BOOHF=0A;K3 :0D54@0AK=K= <F48@8 (..'>3>20475=8= @OI1O@;898 8;O 7O@10960=40 156O@8;O= 7ODO@0=K= O<BOOHF=0A;K3 E0AAO;O@8=8= N9@O=8;<OA8 <N27CAC=40 =0<87O4;8: 48AA5@B0A890AK <F40D8O 5B<8H48@. 1971-68 8;4O= 5;<8-?5403>J8 DO0;899OB4O48@. 1978-68 8;4O= 4>A5=B 2O78DOA8=4O, 2001-68 8;4O= ?@>D5AA>@ 2O78DOA8=4O G0;KHK@. 1977-2001-68 8;;O@ O@78=4O 45:0= <F028=8, 45:0= 2O 3 4ODO A5G8;<O:;O :0D54@0 <F48@8 2O78DO;O@8=4O (24 8; 0;8 <O:BO14O <FEBO;8D 2O78DO;O@4O) 8H;O<8H48@. 250-4O= G>E 5;<8 OAO@8=, > 6F<;O4O= 4 4O@A;898=, 12 4O@A 2OA08B8=8=, 20 :8B01 2O <>=>3@0D890=K=, 40-0 3O4O@ BO4@8A-<5B>48:8 2OA08B8= <FO;;8D848@. 10 68;4;8: 7O@10960= !>25B =A8:;>?54890AK=40 O@703 <0;;0@K=0 408@ 72 <O30;OA8 =OH@ >;C=<CH4C@. .$.EC=4>2 04K=0 @5A?C1;8:0 :8B01E0=0AK=40 /../I<O4>2C= <FO;;8D >;4CLC 32 :8B01K A0E;0=K;K@. CA0952 870<8 %K4K@ >L;C (1950). 1967-68 8;4O .F=904704O 04K=0 7.%"-9O 40E8; >;<CH, 1971-68 8;4O IO<8= 8=AB8BCBC /@703 <0;;0@K O<BOOHF=0A;KLK 2O B860@OB8= BOH:8;8 8EB8A0AK F7@O DO@3;O=<O 48?;><C 8;O 18B8@<8H48@. 32 8;;8: O<O: DO0;899OB8 4N2@F=4O ;01>@0=B, ;01>@0B>@890 <F48@8, <FO;;8<, 10H <FO;;8<, 0:K N2;OB /<BOOHF=0A;K3-><<5@A890 =AB8BCBC=C= BO4@8A I8AAO <F48@8 2O78DO;O@8=4O 8H;O<8H48@. 2001-68 8;4O= 4>A5=B 2O78DOA8=4O G0;KHK@, 59=8 70<0=40 7O@10960= N2;OB 3B8A04 #=825@A8B5B8 BO4@8A I8AAOA8=8= <F48@ <F028=848@. , =0<87O4;8: 48AA5@B0A890AK 8H8=8 95@8=O 95B8@<8H 2O <F40D8O9O BO348< 5B<8H48@. 70-4O= G>E 5;<8 OAO@8=, > 6F<;O4O= 0;8 <O:BO1 BO;O1O;O@8 FGF= 3 4O@A;898= 2O >=;0@;0 <5B>48:8 2OA08B;O@8= <FO;;8D848@. /AO@;O@8: "0EK;-C= 2O 3O==04K <0;;0@K=K= O<BOOHF=0A;KLK 2O 5:A?5@B870AK. O@A;8:. 0:K, '0HK>L;C. 1999 (4>A. ./;8952;O 18@MO). 598=B8 90L;0@K, AF4 2O AF4 <OIAC;;0@K=K= 5:A?5@B870AK. O@A;8:. 0:K, '0HK>L;C. 2002 (?@>D. /../I<O4>2 2O :/B.5.=. /../78<>2;0 18@MO) 2O A. )07K@40 /@703 <0;;0@K O<BOOHF=0A;KLK :0D54@0AK=40 G0;KH0= 3>60<0= O<BOOHF=0A 0;8<;O@4O= 10H <FO;;8< 07K<>2 48; O<<O4 >L;C, 10H <FO;;8< $597C;;09520 82O@ 8@A59DC;;0 3K7K, 10H <FO;;8< )04K9520 !0I8;O A<09K; 3K7K, 10H <FO;;8< 0109520 O98< C@10= 3K7K, :0D54@0=K= MO=6 0;8<;O@8=4O= )FA59=>2 7O@ /40;OB >L;C (, 17 45:01@ 2003-6F 8;4O >A:2040 CA890 N2;OB "860@OB-3B8A04 #=825@A8B5B8=4O 7O@10960=40 8AB5IA0; >;C=0= GN@O:-:N:O <O<C;0BK=K= 8AB5I;0: E0AAO;O@8=O 18B:8 O;02O;O@8=8= BOA8@8 <N27CAC=40 =0<87O4;8: 48AA5@B0A890AK <F40D8O9O 5B<8H48@) 2O 48MO@;O@8=8= 4O 7O@10960=40 O<BOOHF=0A;KLK= 8=:8H0DK=40:K 5;<8-?5403>J8 DO0;899OB;O@8=8 3594 5B<O: ;07K<4K@. 1.4. /<BOOHF=0A;KLK= 10H30 5;<;O@;O O;03OA8 /<BOOHF=0A;K3 5;<8 O22O;;O@ :8<90 B5E=>;>M890AK=K=, A>=@0;0@ 8AO 9598=B8 <OIAC;;0@K B5E=>;>M890AK=K= 18@ 1N;<OA8 :8<8 BO4@8A >;C=<03;0 18@ 5;<8 DO== :8<8 D>@<0;0H<KH4K@. %+% OA@8= 8:8=68 90@KAK=40= 10H;090@03 <OIAC;;0@K= 8AB5I;0: 4O9O@8=8 N9@O=O= O<BOOHF=0A;K3 5;<8 18@ G>E BO18OB, B5E=8:8 2O 83B8A048 5;<;O@;O AKE O;03O40@4K@. .=6O O<BOOHF=0A;K3 :8<90=K=, D878:0=K= 2O 18>;>M890=K= 5;<8-<5B>48:8 <O;C<0B;0@K=0 OA0A;0=K@. 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(O:O@;O@4O (99,9%), HO:O@ GCLC=4C@C=40 (17,5%), HO:O@ 30<KHK=40 (20%), <592O-BO@O2O7;O@4O (10%-O 3O4O@), 10;40 (2%) 2O 10H30 <OIAC;;0@40 >;C@. !0E0@>70=K= <>;5:C;C  EMBED Equation.3  - 3;F:>?8@0=>7 2O  EMBED Equation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quation.3  - 3;F:>7090 G52@8;8@. 'F=:8 <0;B>70=K= <>;5:C;C 8:8  EMBED Equation.3  - 3;F:>?8@0=>7 30;KLK=40= O<O;O MO;<8H48@. 0;B>70 AC40 90EHK IO;; >;C@, =8A1OBO= 07 H8@8=48@. ?B8:8 DO0;4K@ 2O ?>;90@870A890 <FABO28A8=8 A0L0 DK@;04K@. 0:B>70 (AF4 HO:O@8) I5920= >@30=87<8=4O A8=B57 >;C=0= 95M0=O HO:O@48@. =O: 2O :5G8 AF4F=4O 4-5% ;0:B>70 >;C@. 0:B>70 :5D8@, 30BK3 2O 3K<K7K= BO@:818=4O >;0= EFACA8 <090 D5@<5=B8=8= BOA8@8 8;O 3K63K@K@, IO7< >;C=4C340 8AO ;0:B070 D5@<5=B8=8= BOA8@8 8;O  EMBED Equation.3  - 30;0:B>7090 2O  EMBED Equation.3  - 3;F:>7090 ?0@G0;0=K@. 0:B>70 <>;5:C;C=40 3;F:>70=K= 3;F:>784 I84@>:A8;8 AO@1OAB >;4CLC FGF= >, @54C:A89054868 HO:O@ I5A01 548;8@. !C40 10H30 HO:O@;O@O =8A1OBO= 07 IO;; >;C@, 7O8D H8@8=;89O <0;8:48@. ?B8:8 DO0;4K@. !5;;>18>70 8:8 <>;5:C;0  3;F:>?8@0=>70=K= 1,4-2O7899OB4O 18@;OH<OA8=4O= 810@OB48@. !5;;>18>70 A5;;F;>70=K= I84@>;878=4O= O<O;O MO;8@. 090 D5@<5=B;O@8=8= BOA8@8 8;O 3K63K@<K@. "@530;>70 (MN1O;O: HO:O@8)  MN1O;O:;O@4O, G>240@40 2O 9>AC=;0@40 >;C@. "@530;>70 <>;5:C;C 18@-18@8 8;O 3;F:>784 I84@>:A8;;O@8=4O= O<O;O MO;<8H >:A8M5= :N@?FAF 20A8BOA8;O 18@;OHO= 8:8  EMBED Equation.3  - 3;F:>?8@0=>7040= 810@OB48@. C=0 MN@O 4O B@530;>70=K= @54C:A89054868 E0AAOA8 9>E4C@. 0DD8=>70 (18)3216) B@8HO:O@;O@8= O= <FIF< =F<09O=4OA848@. /A0AO= HO:O@ GCLC=4C@C=40, G89844O (?0<1K3 B>EC<C) 2O 4O=;8 18B:8;O@4O >;C@. 0DD8=>70=K= <>;5:C;C  EMBED Equation.3  - D@C:B>70  EMBED Equation.3  - 3;F:>70 2O  EMBED Equation.3  - 30;0:B>70=K= 18@;OH<OA8=4O= 810@OB48@. =25@B070 D5@<5=B8=8= BOA8@8 8;O 48HO:O@ <5;818>7090 2O  EMBED Equation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quation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quation.3  - 3;F:>784 @018BOA8 8;O 18@;OHO= 2O BOE<8=O= 250-1000 O4O4 3;F:>70 30;K3;0@K=40= 810@OB48@. =C= >@B0 <>;5:C; :FB;OA8 50000-160000-48@. <8;>?5:B8= <>;5:C;C=C= 7O=68@8 H0EO;O=<8H >;C@. =C= H0EO;O=O= =N3BO;O@8=4O  EMBED Equation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OA., 18@ I8AAO A0E0@070 07 20EB0 200000 I8AAO A0E0@>70=K 8=25@B HO:O@8=O ?0@G0;09K@. 5@>:A84070 1:5000000000 =8A1OB8=4O 15;O N7 DO0;;KLK=K 8B8@<8@. )O@ 18@ D5@<5=B 0=603 18@ <OIAC;0 BOA8@ 54O 18;8@. OA., A0E0@070 AE0@>70=K ?0@G0;09K@, <0;B>70=K 8AO ?0@G0;090 18;<8@. $5@<5=B;O@8= DO0;;KLK=0 B5<?5@0BC@, <FI8B8= =O<;898, 0:B82 BC@HC;CLC, AC1AB@0BK= 30BK;KLK, 8=M818B>@;0@ 2O 0:B820B>@;0@ BOA8@ 548@. FBC1OB8= G>E;CLC D5@<5=B;O@8= DO0;;KLK=K 0@BK@K@. /:AO@ D5@<5=B;O@  EMBED Equation.3  B5<?5@0BC@40 DO0; BOA8@ MNABO@8@;O@. "5<?5@0BC@C= 0706K3 0@B<0AK =OB86OA8=4O D5@<5=B;O@ N7 DO0;;KLK=K 8B8@8@;O@. =:818B>@;0@ 40 D5@<5=B;O@O N;4F@F6F BOA8@ 548@. C=;0@0 0LK@ <5B0; 4C7;0@K <8A0; MNABO@8;O 18;O@. 1000! B5<?5@0BC@0 3O4O@ 3K74K@4K340 D5@<5=B;O@ ?0@G0;0=K@, 0H0LK B5<?5@0BC@40 (<O=D8 B5<?5@0BC@40) DO0;;KLK G>E 0H0LK 4FHF@. "57 E0@01 >;0= <OIAC;;0@K= (OB8=, 10;KLK= 2O A.) A>9C4C;<CH 2O 90 4>=4C@C;<CH I0;40 A0E;0=K;<0AK 1C=0 OA0A;0=K@. OIAC;C= 5<0; FAC;C 40 D5@<5=B;O@O 1N9F: BOA8@ MNABO@8@. O78 :8<9O28 <044O;O@ D5@<5=B;O@8= DO0;;KLK=0 BOA8@ MNABO@8@. OA., 5B8;5= 307K HO@08B8=4O 0;<0=K=, 0@<C4C=, ?><84>@C= 2O A. 95B8H<OA8 AF@OB;O=8@, ;0:8= :0@1>= 307K HO@08B8=4O 1C ?@>A5A 9020HK9K@. $5@<5=B;O@8= DO0;;KLK8 <FI8B8= 0:B82 BC@HC;CLC=40= ()-40=) 0AK;K4K@. )-K= >?B8<0; <8340@K, D5@<5=B;O@ FGF= <FEBO;8D48@. OA., <0;B070 FGF= <FI8B8= )-K 6,7-7,2; ;8?070 FGF= 7,0-7,5; ?5?A8= FGF= 1,5-2,0 2O A. I5A01 >;C=C@. )-K= :O<899OB8 0706K3 4O98H48:4O D5@<5=B;O@8= DO0;899OB8 9020HK9K@ 2O 90 B0< 4090=K@. $5@<5=B;O@8= DO0;;KLK8 D5@<5=B BOA8@ 54O= <044O=8= 2O7899OB8=4O= 4O 0AK;K4K@. 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C D5@<5=B;O@4O= 100-4O= G>EC :@8AB0; HO:;8=4O 0;K=<KH4K@. /MO@ 18@ D5@<5=B 1C 2O 90 48MO@ AO1O14O= DO0;;K340= 4FHO@AO 2O 90 A8AB5<4O= GKE0@A0, 1FBF= D5@<5=B A8AB5<8=8= DO0;899OB8 ?>7C;C@, 1C 40 1FBF= >@30=87<8= EOABO;O=<OA8=O AO1O1 >;C@. 4C@ :8, 09@K-09@K D5@<5=B8= 4598;, 1C 2O 90 48MO@ 3@C?0 084 >;0= D5@<5=B;O@ A8AB5<8=8= N9@O=8;<OA8 2068148@. 1961-68 8;4O 6O<8 900-O 3O4O@ D5@<5=B =N2F <O;C< 848. @BK3 1978-68 8;4O 95=8 BO@B81 >;C=<CH A890IK90 2142 D5@<5=B =N2F 40E8; 548;<8H48@. 1. :A84-@54C:B070;0@. C 3@C?0 084 >;0= D5@<5=B;O@ 60=;K >@30=87<4O M54O= >:A84;OH48@868-1O@?054868 @50:A890;0@K :0B0;87O 548@. 14 90@K<A8=DO 1N;F=F@ :8, 1C@040 40 240-0 3O4O@ D5@<5=B 6O<;O=<8H48@. 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C 70<0= 3;F:>D>AD0B 2O 045=>78=48D>AD0B O<O;O MO;8@. C 3@C?0 0<8=>B@0=AD5@070;0@ (0<8= 3@C?C=C= :5G<OA8=8 :0B0;87O 548@) 2O 3;8:>78;B@0=AD5@070;0@ 08448@. <8=>B@0=AD5@070;0@ 0<8= BC@HC;0@K=K=, 3;8:>78;B@0=AD5@070;0@ 8AO <>=>A0E0@84 30;K3;0@K=K= :5G<OA8=8 :0B0;87O 548@. OB86O4O ?>;8A0E0@844O 18@ A04O HO:O@ 30;KLK 48MO@8 8;O O2O7 >;C=C@. 240-0 3O4O@ D5@<5=B 1C 3@C?0 08448@. 3. )84@0;070;0@  <F@O::O1 <044O;O@8= AC 8;O 18@;OH81 ?0@G0;0=<0AK ?@>A5A8=8 AF@OB;O=48@8@. C 70<0= M54O= @50:A890=K AE5<0B8: >;0@03 0H0LK40:K :8<8 MNABO@<O: >;0@. %FACA8 HO@08B4O 1C=;0@ A8=B57 ?@>A5A;O@8=4O 4O 8HB8@0: 548@;O@. C 3@C?0 :0@1>I84@070;0@, 5AB5@070;0@, 0<84070;0@, ?5?B84070;0@ 2O 3;8:>784070;0@ 2O A. 08448@. 9 90@K<A8=DO 084 217-O 3O4O@ D5@<5=B 1C 3@C?40 6O<;O=<8H48@. 0@1>I84@070;0@ :0@1>I84@0B;0@K ?0@G0;09K@. >;8A0E0@84;O@O BOA8@ 54O= D5@<5=B;O@ ?>;807, 48A0E0@84;O@O BOA8@ 54O=;O@ 8AO 48A0E0@07 2O 90 >;8307 3@C?C=0 40E8;48@. 8;807;0@0  EMBED Equation.3  2O  EMBED Equation.3  - 0<8;070, A5;;F;070, 8=C;070 2O A. 08448@. C 3@C?C= O= 20681 A09K;0= D5@<5=B8 0<8;0704K@. <8;070 =8H0AB0=K 2O 3;8:>M5=8 ?0@G0;09K@. <8;070 BF?F@6O:4O, 30=40, I5920= >@30=87<8=8= B>EC<0;0@K=40, 6F6O@<8H B0EK;40 20@4K@. =C= =8H0AB090 BOA8@8=4O= OA0AO= <0;B>70 2O 07 <8340@40 45:AB@8=;O@ 0;K=K@.  EMBED Equation.3  - 0<8;070  EMBED Equation.3  - 0<8;07090 =8A1OBO= BC@HC;0@K= BOA8@8=O IOAA0A4K@, 0=603  EMBED Equation.3  - 0<8;070 B5<?5@0BC@090 40I0 G>E 4020<;K4K@. !5;;F;070=K= BOA8@8 8;O A5;;F;>70 ?0@G0;0=K@ 2O 1C 70<0= 48A0E0@84;O@O 084 >;0= A5;;>18>70 O<O;O MO;8@. =C;070 8=C;8=8 ?0@G0;09K@ 2O 1C 70<0= D@C:B>70 O<O;O MO;8@. ;83070;0@0 <0;B>70=K ?0@G0;090= <0;B070, A0E0@>70=K 8=25@B HO:O@8=O ?0@G0;090= A0E0@070, ;0:B>70=K 3;F:>70 2O 30;0:B>7090 ?0@G0;090= ;0:B070 08448@. $>AD>@8;070 D5@<5=B;O@8 =8H0AB0=K, HO:O@8, 3;8:>M5=8 D>AD>@ BC@HCAC 8HB8@0:K 8;O ?0@G0;09K@. $>AD>@8;070 @50:A890AK 70<0=K 3;8:>784 O;03OA8 3K@K;K@ 2O D>AD>@ BC@HCAC=C= 5D8@8 O<O;O MO;8@.   EMBED Equation.3  - 0<8;070 700! B5<?5@0BC@0 4020< MOB8@8@,  EMBED Equation.3  - 0<8;070 8AO 50-510!-9O 4020< MOB8@8@. $>AD>@8;070 @50:A890AK 4N=O=48@. AB5@070;0@0 <F@O::O1 5D8@;O@8 ?0@G0;090= ;8?070;0@ 2O D>AD>B070;0@ 08448@. 8?070 90L;0@K ?0@G0;09K@ 2O =OB86O4O 90L BC@HC;0@K 2O 3;8A5@8= O<O;O MO;8@. C, 90L;0@K= ?0@G0;0=<0AK=K= 8;: <O@IO;OA848@. 8?070 3;8A5@84;O@8= A8=B578=8 4O :0B0;87O 548@. $>AD>B070;0@40= D8B070 G>E OIO<899OB;848@. C, D>AD0B84;O@8 ?0@G0;09K@ 2O 1C 70<0= D>AD>@ BC@HCAC 09@K;K@. @30=87<4O :0;A8C< 4C7;0@K=K= IO7<8=O <FA1OB BOA8@ MNABO@8@. $>AD0B070;0@0 ?>;8=C:;5>B84;O@8 :0B0;87O 54O= @81>- 2O 457>:A8@81>=C:;5070;0@, IO<G8=8= D@C:B>7>48D>AD>@ BC@HCAC=40= D>AD>@ BC@HCAC=C 09K@0= D@C:B>7>48D>AD>B070 08448@. @>B5070;0@ (?5?A8=, B@8?A8=) 7F;0;;0@K ?5?B84;O@O 2O 07 <8340@40 0<8=BC@HC;0@K=0 :8<8 ?0@0;09K@. @>B5070;0@ 2O 90 ?@>B5>;8B8: D5@<5=B;O@ 7F;0;;0@K 2O >=;0@K= I84@>;878 <OIAC;;0@K=K= ?0@G0;0=<0AK=K AF@OB;O=48@8@. @>B5>;8B8: D5@<5=B;O@ I5920=0B <OIAC;;0@K=40 (OB, 10;K3) 40I0 DO0;4K@;0@. %8<>78= D5@<5=B8 AF4 :0758=8=8 IO;; >;<090= :>758=O G528@8@. 5?B84070;0@ 7F;0;;0@K 2O ?>;8?5?B84;O@8 0<8=BC@HC;0@K=0 ?0@G0;09K@. <84070;0@ 0<<>=90: 2O BC@HC O<O;O MOB8@<O:;O 0<84;O@8 ?0@G0;09K@ 2O A. )84@>;8B8: D5@<5=B;O@O IO<G8=8= ?@>B>?5:B8=070 40 08448@. C 8AO ?@>B>?5:B8=8 0@010= 2O IO;; >;0= ?5:B8=O ?0@G0;09K@. ;F:>784070 3;F:>784;O@8 I84@>;87 548@ 2O 1C 70<0= HO:O@ 2O AO@1OAB 03;F:>= 0;K=K@. !O<O=8 8AB5IA0;K=40 ?@>B5070;0@K= 1N9F: OIO<899OB8 20@4K@. C=;0@K= BOA8@8 8;O 0@?0 7F;0;K ?>;8?5?B84;O@O 2O 0<8=BC@HC;0@K=0 ?0@G0;0=K@, 1C=;0@ 40 HO:O@;O@;O 18@;OHO@O: <5;0=>84;O@ O<O;O MOB8@8@. 4. 8070;0@ <>;5:C;C= 359@8-I84@>;8B8:8 ?0@G0;0=<0AK=K AF@OB;O=48@8@. 0@G0;0=<0 @50:A890AK  EMBED Equation.3  1O@01O@;898 F7@O M548@. C 3@C?0 :0@1>= 307K=K, AC 2O 48MO@ <044O;O@8 ?0@G0;090= D5@<5=B;O@ 08448@. O<8 118-O 3O4O@ D5@<5=B 1C 3@C?40 6O<;O=<8H48@. 8070;0@ <FEBO;8D 18B:8 2O I5920=0B B>EC<0;0@K=40 20@4K@ 2O >=;0@ BO=ODDFA, IO<G8=8= 3K63K@<0 ?@>A5A;O@8=4O 8HB8@0: 548@. C A8=DO 084 >;0= 45:0@1>:A8;070 D5@<5=B8 ?8@>F7F< BC@HCAC=40= :0@1>= 307K=K= 09@K;<0AK=K AF@OB;O=48@8@. C 8AO 0=05@>1 BO=ODDFA4O 2O A?8@BO 3K63K@<040 0@0;K3 <OIAC;C4C@. 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CE0@K40 04;0@K GO:8;O= AC40 IO;; >;0= 28B0<8=;O@4O= 10H30 18@ =5GO 28B0<8= 4O <O;C<4C@. 0:8= >=;0@K= 8=A0= >@30=87<8 FGF= OIO<899OB8 4O383 N9@O=8;<O<8H48@. 4 28B0<8=8  A8G0=;0@K= 1N9F<O 0<8;8; 5 28B0<8=8  3CH;0@K= 1N9F<O 0<8;8; 10 2O 11 28B0<8=;O@8  6F6O;O@8= 1N9F<O 0<8;8; 14 28B0<8=8  ;8D;8 18B:8;O@8= 1N9F<O(95B8H<O) 0<8;8. 2.7.2. , )/  "/   28B0<8=8 (@5B8=>;, 0:A5@>DB>;). C 3@C?0 40E8; >;0= 8:8 28B0<8= <O;C<4C@: 1 2O 2. C=;0@ 18@8 48MO@8=4O= D878:8-:8<9O28 E0AAO;O@8=O 2O DO0;;KLK=0 MN@O DO@3;O=8@;O@. 1 28B0<8=8 (@5B8=>;) 18@ 0B><;C 4>9<0<KH BA8:;8: A?8@B48@ (20)29)). >@<0; HO@08B4O 0GK3 A0@K @O=M;8 :@8AB0;;8: <044O48@. 63-640!-4O O@898@. 1 28B0<8=8 <>;5:C;C=40  EMBED Equation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quation.3   EMBED Equation.3  2O  EMBED Equation.3  :0@>B8=4O=  28B0<8=8 O<O;O MO;8@. "O18OB4O O= G>E  EMBED Equation.3  :0@>B8= 909K;<KH4K@. 5@:N:F=4O >;0= :0@>B8=8= 90%-8  EMBED Equation.3  :0@>B8=48@. @30=87<4O :0@>B8= 30@0689O@ 2O 10LK@A03;0@40 >;0= :0@>B8=070 D5@<5=B8=8= BOA8@8 0;KB=40 8:8 <>;5:C;  28B0<8=8=O ?0@G0;0=K@. 0@>B8=;O@8= <FEBO;8D =N2;O@8 18@8 48MO@8=4O= BO@:818=O 40E8; >;0=  EMBED Equation.3  - 8>=>= IO;3O;O@8=O MN@O DO@3;O=8@;O@. 5;O :8,  EMBED Equation.3  - :0@>B8=8= <>;5:C;C=40 8:8  EMBED Equation.3  - 8>=>= IO;3OA8;  EMBED Equation.3  - 2O  EMBED Equation.3  - :0@>B8=4O@4O 8AO 18@  EMBED Equation.3  - 8>=>= IO;3OA8 20@4K@. =0 MN@O 4O  EMBED Equation.3  - :0@>B8= ?0@G0;0=4K340 8:8 <>;5:C;  28B0<8=8;  EMBED Equation.3  - 2O  EMBED Equation.3  - :0@>B8= ?0@G0;0=4K340 8AO 18@ <>;5:C;  28B0<8=8 O<O;O MO;8@. !O=0954O :0@>B8=8 3K@<K7K 95@:N:F=4O= 2O :0@>B8=;O 7O=M8= >;0= 30103 A>@B;0@K=40= 0;K@;0@. 0@LK40;K40=, =0@K=M8 2O ?>@B0L0;K= 301KLK=40= 2O 1CL4040= 0;K=0= :0@>B8=>84;O@ 4O  28B0<8=8= ?@>28B0<8=;O@848@. C=;0@K= 40 BO@:818=4O  EMBED Equation.3  - 8>=>= 2O 87>?@5= 30;K3;0@K >;C@. :A8M5=A87 HO@08B4O  28B0<8=8 2O :0@>B8= 120-1300! 3O4O@ 3K74K@K;4K340 >=;0@K= BO@:818 2O 18>;>J8 E0AAO;O@8 4O98H<8@. :A8M5=;8 HO@08B4O 8AO 4 A00B O@78=4O 1000!-4O 28B0<8=  B0<0<8;O ?0@G0;0=K@. OIAC;;0@K 0GK3 I02040 3C@CB4C340  28B0<8=8 2O :0@>B8= ?0@G0;0=K@. 598=B8 <OIAC;;0@K=40  28B0<8=8 2O :0@>B8=8= <8340@K (<3%-;O) 0H0LK40:K :8<848@:  28B0<8=8 10;K3 90LK  19; :O@O 90LK  0,5; AF4  0,02; <0;K= 30@0689O@8  0,2; 9C<C@B0  0,4. 0@>B8=  3K@<K7K 95@:N:F  9,0; A0@K 95@:N:F  1,1; :0IK  1,8; :O;O<  0,4; MN9 A>L0=  6,0; 8A?0=03  4,5; BC@HO=M  2,5; ?><84>@  1,2; 0;<0  0,03 <3%-48@. -N@F=4F9F :8<8 95@:N:F, MN9 A>L0=, 8A?0=03 2O BC@HO=M ?@>28B0<8=  8;O 7O=M8=48@. 5B8=>; ?@5?0@0B;0@K B@5A:0 10;K3;0@K=K= 30@0689O@8=4O= I07K@;0=K@. 1 3 10;K3 90LK=40 350  (159=O;E0;3 20I84)  28B0<8=8 20@. @30=87<8=  28B0<8=8=O MF=4O;8: BO;O10BK 1,0-2,5 <3-4K@.  2B80<8=8=O >;0= BO;O10BK= 1/3 I8AAOA8 IO<8= 28B0<8= >;0= <OIAC;;0@K= I5A01K=0, 2/3 I8AAOA8 8AO :0@>B8= I5A01K=0 N4O=8;<O;848@. .;:O<874O I8?>28B0<8=>7C= ?@D8;0:B8:0AK FGF= 9598=B8 90L;0@K=K= ( $8=0;<0@30@8=, "5:AC= 2O 48MO@ <OB1OE 90L;0@K) 100 3-0 2 <3 I5A01K 8;O  28B0<8=8 ?@5?0@0BK 30BK;K@. AB8 A5E;O@4O G0;KH0= DOI;O;O@8= MF=4O;8: 3840 @0A8>=C=0 2 <3  28B0<8=8 O;02O 548;8@.  28B0<8=8  :0;A8D5@>;, 0=B8@0E8B 28B0<8=8. C 28B0<8= 384040 :0;A8C<C= 0AA8<8;90A890AK=K 0@BK@K@, 1N9@O:;O@4O D>AD>@C= @501A>@1A890AK=K MF6;O=48@8@, AF<F:;O@8= O<O;O MO;<OA8 2O <NI:O<;O=<OA8 FGF= ;07K<4K@.  28B0<8=8 G0BKH<04K340 :0;A8C< 2O D>AD>@ <F1048;OA8 ?>7C;C@, @0E8B EOABO;898 10H 25@8@. OB86O4O AF<F: B>EC<0AK=40 :0;A8C< I84@>D>AD0BK= B>?;0=<0AK GOB8=;OH8@, AF<F:4O <8=5@0;;K <044O;O@8= <8340@K 070;K@, AF<F:;O@ 9C<H0;K@ 2O 0A0=;K3;0 O98;8@.  28B0<8=8= <FEBO;8D;8:;O@8=8=  2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 3C@C;CHC 18@-18@8=O 90EK=, 18>;>J8 DO0;;KLK 8AO <FEBO;8D48@. /= M5=8H 909K;<KH AB5@>;;0@K= BN@O<OA8 >;0= 2 2O 3 28B0<8=;O@848@ (28)44 2O 27)44). !B5@>;;0@K= OA0A =F<09O=4OA8 >;0= 5@3>AB5@>;0 C;B@01O=N2HO98 HF0;0@;0 BOA8@ 5B48:4O 2 28B0<8=8=O (5@:>:0;A8D5@>;), 7-45I84@>E>;5AB5@8=O BOA8@ 5B48:4O 8AO 3 28B0<8=8=O (E>;5:0;A8D5@>;) G52@8;8@. =0 MN@O 4O AB5@>;;0@0 ?@>28B0<8=  4598;8@. 3 28B0<8=8 2 28B0<8=8=O =8A1OBO= 8=A0= >@30=87<8=O DO0; BOA8@ MNABO@8@. /@703 <OIAC;;0@K=40=  28B0<8=8 8;O 7O=M8= >;0=;0@K OA0AO= I5920=0B <O=HO;8 <OIAC;;0@4K@. 100 3 <OIAC;40 <:3 I5A01K 8;O  28B0<8=8= <8340@K 0H0LK40:K :8<848@: B@5A:0 10;KLK=K= 30@0689O@8  125-750; <0;K= 30@0689O@8  0,2-1,2; 9C<C@B0 A0@KAK: 3KH40  3,5; 90940  12,5; :O@O 90LK: 3KH40  0,3-0,5; 90940  1,2; C;B@01O=N2HO98 HF0;0@;0 5<0; 548;<8H 18B:8 90LK  25-50; 3C@C ?82O <090AK  2500-12500. "O6@F1O;O@ MNABO@8@ :8, 909 DOA;8=4O AF4F= 2O :O@O 90LK=K= BO@:818=4O  28B0<8=8=8= <8340@K G>E >;C@. -F= 8HKLK=40 >;0= C;B@01O=N2HO98 HF0;0@ I5920= >@30=87<8=4O AB5@8=;O@8=  28B0<8=8=O G52@8;<OA8=8 AF@OB;O=48@8@.  28B0<8=8=8= <8340@K=K 8D04O 5B<O: FGF= 159=O;E0;3 20I84 >;0@03 5@3>:0;A8D5@>;C= 0,025 <8:@>3@0<K 3O1C; 548;<8H48@. -F=4O;8: BO;O10B 400 159=O;E0;3 20I84O 2O 90EC4 10 <:3-0 1O@01O@48@. #H03;0@K=  28B0<8=8=O MF=4O;8: BO;O10BK 90H;K;0@0 =8A1OBO= 2-2,5 4ODO G>E4C@. 0H;K 040<;0@ MF= 8HKLK 0;BK=40 G>E 30;4K3;0@K=0 MN@O, >=;0@K=  28B0<8=8=O 30@HK BO;O10BK, 10H;K60 >;0@03 40E8;8 5IB890B;0@ I5A01K=0 N4O=8;8@.  28B0<8=8  B>:>D5@>; (29)502). C 28B0<8= IF659@O=8= ;8?>84 <044O;O@8=8 >:A84;OH<O4O= 3>@C9C@, I5920=;0@40 C7C= <F44OB G0BKH<07;KLK O7O;O 48AB@>D890AK=0, 3KAK@;KL0 AO1O1 >;0 18;8@. ;: 4ODO 1936-6K 8;4O 20=A 1CL40=K= @FH59<8=4O:8 90LK= BO@:818=4O B0?<KH4K@. ">:>D5@>; 9C=0=60 B>:>A  4>LCH, ?I5@>  BN@OB<O: <O=0AK=K 40HK9K@. =0 MN@O 4O  28B0<8=8 =OA8; 28B0<8=8 4O 04;0=K@. 1938-68 8;4O 8AO <5@A>= 3C@C;CH60 18@-18@8=O >EH090= 2O 18>;>J8 BOA8@8=O MN@O DO@3;O=O= 3 <044O -  EMBED Equation.3 ,  EMBED Equation.3  2O  EMBED Equation.3  B>:>D5@>;;0@ O;4O 5B48.  EMBED Equation.3  B>:>D5@>;C= 28B0<8= 0:B82;898  EMBED Equation.3  B>:>D5@>;40= 2,5 4ODO G>E4C@. 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C=40= 10H30, 07 <8340@40 :20@A5B@8= 0;K=<KH4K@ :8, 1C 40 N7 BO18OB8=O MN@O :0B5E8=;O@O 90EK= >;0= :20@A5B8=8=@0<=>7848=4O= 810@OB48@. 4 AO@1OAB :0B5E8=4O= <8340@60 O= G>E (58%) >;0=K 1-5?830;>:0B5E8=-30;;0B, 3-:0B5E8=-30;;0B40= 8AO <8340@60 O= G>EC (1,3%) 1-5?8:0B5E8=48@. 0B5E8=;O@ 5D8@4O= 810@OB >;C1, BO@:816O :0B5E8=4O=, 30;;>:0B5E8=4O=, IO<G8=8= :0B5E8= 2O 30;;>:0B5E8=-30;;0B40= 810@OB48@. 0B5E8= 0@><0B8: 18@;OH<O48@. 0B5E8=;O@ 18@ =5GO <FEBO;8D;8:;O@4O >;<0AK=0 10E<090@03, 1C=;0@K= F<C<8 2O >EH0@ E0AAO;O@8 20@4K@. &<C<899OB;O, 0HK <044O;O@8=8= <OI;C;;0@K 7F;0;;0@K ;0EB0;0H4K@K@ 2O GN:4F@F@. C=;0@K= 1C E0AAOA8=O 0LK71F7FH4F@F6F;F: 084 548;8@. 592O 2O M8;O<592O :0; 20EBK 40I0 G>E 0LK7 1F7FH4F@F@, GF=:8 >=;0@K= BO@:818=4O 0HK <044O;O@8=8= <8340@K 40I0 G>E4C@. '09 90@?0LK=40 2O F7F<4O >;0= 0HK <044O;O@8  28B0<8=8 0:B82;898=O <0;8:48@;O@. HK <044O;O@8 D5@<5=B;O@8= 8HB8@0:K 8;O >:A84;OH81 BF=4 @O=M;8 D;>10D5=;O@ O<O;O MOB8@8@. C 8AO BO6@F1O4O <592O;O@8= 4>L@0=4K340 @O=M8=8= 30@0;<0AK 8;O <FH0I84O 548;8@. HK <044O;O@8 IO<G8=8= 10:B5@8A84 E0AAO9O <0;8:48@;O@. 5;O :8, :8D O<O;O MOB8@O= 2O BC@HC O<O;O MOB8@O= 10:B5@890;0@K= 8=:8H0DK=0 <O=D8 BOA8@ MNABO@8@;O@. O78 9598=B8 <OIAC;;0@K=K=  G09K=, 3OI2O=8= 2O HO@01K= :59D899OB8 2O 404-BO< E0AAO;O@8 >=;0@40:K 0HK <044O;O@8=8= <8340@K=40= 0AK;K4K@. HK <044O;O@8 9598=B8 <OIAC;;0@K=K= 8AB5IA0;K=40 2O A0E;0=K;<0AK=40 40 1N9F: OIO<899OB :OA1 548@. 592O;O@8 3C@CB<0L0 2O 90 :>=A5@2;OH48@<O9O I07K@;04K340 0HK <044O;O@8=8= >:A84;OH81 <OIAC;C= @O=M8=8 BF=4;OH48@<OA8= 459O, >=;0@K ?N@BF@ 2O 90 :F:F@4 307K=0 25@8@;O@. C 70<0= >:A84;OH48@868-1O@?054868 D5@<5=B;O@ N7 DO0;;KLK=K 8B8@8@. 592O-M8;O<592O HO@01;0@K=K= 8AB5IA0;K=40 0HK <044O;O@8 G>E 1N9F: <FA1OB @>; >9=09K@. 5;O :8, 0HK <044O;O@8 7F;0;;0@;0 IO;; >;<090= 18@;OH<O O<O;O MOB8@8@ 2O >=;0@K GN:4F@F@. OB86O4O HO@01K= @O=M8=8= HODD0D;KLK 0@BK@. 5B8H<O<8H <592O;O@4O 95B8H<8H <592O;O@O =8A1OBO= 0HK <044O;O@8=8= <8340@K 40I0 G>E >;C@. 0:8= 95B8H<O 4N2@F=4O 1C=C= <8340@K 070;K@. =0 MN@O 4O <592O;O@8= 0LK71F7FH4F@F6F E0AAOA8 070;K@. HK <044O;O@8=8= <8340@K BO7O <592O;O@8= :59D899OB8=O ?8A BOA8@ 548@, ;0:8= G09K= :59D899OB8 FGF= OA0A HO@B48@. '09 8AB5IA0;K=K= B5E=>;>J8 ?@>A5A;O@8=4O 90HK; G09 90@?03;0@K=K= :8<9O28 BO@:818, EFACA8;O 0HK <044O;O@8 <F@O::O1 18>:8<9O28 G52@8;<O9O CL@09K@. C=C= =OB86OA8=4O 30@0-<OE<O@8 G09 5:AB@0:BK=K= 404K, OB@8 2O @O=M8 O<O;O MO;8@. ABO@ 90HK; G09 90@?0LK=K=, 8ABO@AO 4O I07K@ G09K= :59D899OB8=8= BO98= 548;<OA8=4O AC40 IO;; >;C=0= G09 B0=8=8= <8340@K IO;;54868 @>; >9=09K@. 2.10.  //  598=B8 <OIAC;;0@K=K= @O=M8 >=;0@K= BO@:818=4O >;0= <FEBO;8D ?83<5=B;O@8=  1>90 <044O;O@8=8= <FEBO;8D;898=4O= 2O <8340@K=40= 0AK;K4K@. >90 <044O;O@8 OA0AO= 18B:8 <O=HO;8 <OIAC;;0@40 >;C@. 592O-BO@O2O7;O@8= BO@:818=4O <FEBO;8D 1>90 <044O;O@8 >;4CLC=40= @O=M;O@8 4O <FEBO;8D48@. >90 <044O;O@8 <592O-BO@O2O78= IO7<8=O <FA1OB BOA8@ MNABO@8@. >90 <044O;O@8=O E;>@>D8;, :0@>B8=>84;O@, D;02>=;0@, 0=B>A80=;0@, E@><>?@>B584;O@ 2O A. 08448@. 2 2O 12 28B0<8=8, 5;O6O 4O 1O78 <OIAC;;0@K= >:A84;OH<OA8 2O :>=45=A0A890AK =OB86OA8=4O O<O;O MO;O= D;>10D5=;O@, <5;0=8=;O@, <5;0=>848=;O@ 2O :0@0<5;5=;O@ 4O 1>90 <044O;O@8=O 084 548;8@. %;>@>D8;  90L40 IO;; >;0= 90HK; @O=M;8 ?83<5=B48@. /A0AO= <592O-BO@O2O7;O@4O 2O B0EK;40 >;C@. %;>@>D8; 18B:8 <O=HO;8 <OIAC;;0@K= 95B8H<OA8 70<0=K 10H 25@O= 0A8<8;90A890 2O D>B>A8=B57 ?@>A5A8=4O <FIF< @>; >9=09K@. %;>@>D8;  EMBED Equation.3  2O  EMBED Equation.3  D>@<040 >;C@.  EMBED Equation.3  E;>@>D8; 55)7254M  BF=4 90HK; (MN9-90HK;) @O=M4O,  EMBED Equation.3  E;>@>D8; 55)7064M 8AO 0GK3 90HK; (A0@K-90HK;) @O=M4O48@. %;>@>D8; BC@HC;0@K= 8HB8@0:K 8;O ?0@G0;0=0@:O= M 09@K;K@ 2O 1C 70<0= 95=8 BF=4-3>=C@ @O=M;8 D5>D8B8= 0;K=K@. 0@>B8=>84;O@  90L40 IO;; >;0= =0@K=6K-3K@<K7K A0@K 2O 07 <8340@40 3K@<K7K @O=M;8 ?83<5=B;O@48@. C ?83<5=B;O@8= 65-4O= G>E <FEBO;8D;8:;O@8 20@. C=;0@40= O= G>E 909K;0=K :0@>B8=48@. 0@>B8=  40)56  EMBED Equation.3 ,  EMBED Equation.3  2O ( D>@<0;0@40 >;C@. 5@:N:F, O@8:, 30103, A8B@CA <592O;O@8 2O A. BO@:818=4O 40I0 G>E4C@. @30=87<4O :0@>B8= <O=8<AO=8;48:4O  28B0<8=8=O G52@8;8@. C 3@C?0 ;8:>?8=  40)56 (?><84>@40), :A0=B>D8;  40)562 (9C<C@B0 A0@KAK=40, 0;<040, ?><84>@40), :0?A0=B8=  40)564 (3K@<K7K 8AB8>B40), A8B@>:A0=B8=  40)56 (A8B@CA <592O;O@8=4O), 750:A0=B8=  40)562 (30@LK40;K40, 9C<C@B0 A0@KAK=40, MN9O@B84O) 2O A. :0@>B8=>84;O@ 08448@. 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O42O; 2.5. /<O98= E0@0:B5@8=4O= 0AK;K >;0@03 MF=4O;8: 5=5@J8 AO@D8 (::0;/:>C;) 1.$878:8 O<O:;O O;03OA8 >;<090= ?5HO A0I81;O@8 FGF=3000-3200/12570-134682.5E0=8:;OH48@8;<8H O<O:;O <OHLC; >;0= ?5HO A0I81;O@8 FGF=3500/146683.5E0=8:;OH48@8;<O<8H 2O 90 38A<O= <5E0=8:;OH48@8;<8H O<O:;O <OHLC; >;0= ?5HO A0I81;O@8 FGF=4000/167604.5E0=8:;OH48@8;<O<8H 0LK@ O<O:;O <OHLC; >;0= ?5HO A0I81;O@8 FGF=4500-5000/18855-20950 /@703 <0;;0@K=K= 5=5@J8 4O9O@8 ::0; 2O 90 :>C;;0 (1 ::0; 4,184 :>C;0 <F20D8348@) 8D40O >;C=C@. /22O;;O@ 15;O I5A01 548;8@48 :8, 8=A0= >@30=87<8=4O 7F;0;K= 2O IO7< >;0= :0@1>I84@0B;0@K= 1 3-=K= >:A84;OH<OA8=4O= 4,1 ::0; (17,2 :>C;), 1 3 90LK= >:A84;OH<OA8=4O= 8AO 9,3 ::0; (38,9 :>C;) 5=5@J8 09@K;K@. F0A8@ 4N2@4O <FO99O= 548;<8H48@ :8, :0@1>I84@0B;0@K= 5=5@J8 4O9O@8 7F;0;;0@K= 5=5@J8 4O9O@8=4O= 074K@. 9@K-09@K <044O;O@8= >:A84;OH<OA8 70<0=K 09@K;0= 5=5@J8=8= <8340@K <FEBO;8D48@ (41,42). 1 3 7F;0; 4,0 ::0; (16,7 :>C;), 1 3 :0@1>I84@0B 3,75 ::0; (15,7 :>C;) 2O 1 3 90L 9,0 ::0; (37,7 :>C;), 1 3 F728 BC@HC >@B0 I5A01;0 3,0 ::0; (12,54 :>C;) 5=5@J8 25@8@. /@703 <0;;0@K=K= BO@:818 <O;C< >;0@A0, >=C= 25@O6O98 5=5@J8=8= <8340@K=K 0A0=;K3;0 I5A01;0<03 >;0@. 5;O :8, ?0AB5@87O >;C=<CH AF4F= BO@:818=4O 2,8% 7F;0;, 3,2% 90L 2O 4,7% HO:O@ 20@4K@. =40 100 3 AF4F= 5=5@J825@<O 3018;899OB8 15;O I5A01;0=K@: 2,8 E 4,0 ::0; = 11,1 ::0; 2O 90 2,8 E 16,7 :>C; = 45,9 :>C; + 3,2E9,0 ::0; = 28,8 ::0; 2O 90 3,2 E 37,7 :>C; = 120,6 :>C; + 4,7 E 3,75 ::0; = 17,6 ::0; 2O 90 4,7 E 15,7 :>C; = 73,7 :>C;. 5<O;8, 100 3 AF4 >@30=87<O 57,5(11,1+28,8+17,6) ::0; 2O 90 240,2(45,9+120,6+73,7) :>C; 5=5@J8 25@8@. /MO@ ACB:0;K3 3840 @0A8>=C=40 80,0 3 7F;0;, 500,0 3 :0@1>I84@0B 2O 80,0 3 90L >;0@A0, >=40 15;O @0A8>=C= F<C<8 5=5@J8 4O9O@8 15;O >;0@: 80,0 E 4,0 ::0; = 320,0 ::0; 2O 90 320,0 E 4,184=1338,9 :>C; + 80,0 E 9,0 ::0; = 720 ::0; 2O 90 720 E 4,184 =3012,5 :>C; + 500 E 3,75 ::0; = 1875 ::0; 2O 90 1875 E 4,184=7845,0 :>C;. 5<O;8, ACB:0;K3 3840 @0A8>=C >@30=87<O 2915(320+720+1875) ::0; 2O 90 12196,4(1338,9 + 3012,5 + 7845,0) :>C; 5=5@J8 25@8@. /@703 <0;;0@K=K= 1C 30940 F7@O I5A01;0=0= 5=5@J8 4O9O@8 =O7O@8 5=5@J8 04;0=K@. C 70<0= 5=5@J8 25@O= 1FBF= <044O;O@8= >@30=87<4O B0< IO7<O M5B<OA8 =O7O@4O BCBC;<CH4C@. =603 3840=K= 09@K-09@K :><?>=5=B;O@8 >@30=87<4O B0< IO7< >;<C@. 5;O :8, I5920=0B <O=HO;8 7F;0;;0@ 81-93%, 18B:8 <O=HO;8 7F;0;;0@ 8AO 60-80% IO7< >;C@. !F4F= 2O OB8= 90LK >@30=87<4O 95% IO7< >;C@. 8B:8 <O=HO;8 :0@1>I84@0B;0@ 85-99%, AF4F= :0@1>I84@0B;0@K 8AO 98% IO7<O M548@. /@703 <0;K=K= 25@O6O98 @50; :0;>@8;898 (5=5@J8=8) I5A01;0<03 FGF= <FEBO;8D O@703;0@40 >;0= 5=5@J8 25@O= 09@K-09@K <044O;O@8= D0:B8:8 IO7<8 =O7O@O 0;K=<0;K4K@. C=C= FGF= 5=5@J8 25@O= 09@K-09@K <044O;O@8= =O7O@8 5=5@J8 4O9O@8=8 >=;0@K= IO7< D0878=O 2C@C1 100-O 1N;F@;O@. 0H30 AN7;O 5=5@68 25@O= <044O;O@8= =O7O@8 :0;>@8;898=8 IO7< O<A0;K=0 2C@<03 ;07K<4K@. /MO@ 7F;0;K= >@30=87<4O <O=8<AO=8;<OA8 95 D08748@AO, >=40 I5A01;0=<KH =O7O@8 :0;>@8;898= <8340@K=K (95 :100)=0,95 O<A0;K=0 2C@<03 ;07K<4K@. OB86O4O 3840=K= @50; :0;>@8;898 <FO99O= >;C=C@. OA. O7O@O 0;A03 :8 AF4F= BO@:818=4O >;0= 7F;0;;0@ >@30=87<4O >@B0 I5A01;0 90%, 90LK;0@ 95%, :0@1>I84@0B;0@ 8AO 98 D087 <O=8<AO=8;8@, >=40 9CE0@K40:K 30940 F7@O =O7O@8 :0;>@8;898 <FO99O= 548;<8H 100 3 AF4F= @50; :0;>@8;898 0H0LK40:K :8<8 I5A01;0=K@. F;0;K= @50; :0;>@8;898: 11,1 ::0; E 0,90 = 9,99 ::0; 2O 90,45,9 :6>C; E 0,90 = 41,31 :6>C;. 0LK= @50; :0;>@8;898: 28,8 ::0; E 0,95 = 27,36 ::0; 2O 90, 120,6 :6>C; E 0,95 = 114,57 :6>C;. 0@1>I84@0B;0@K= @50; :0;>@8;898: 17,6 ::0; E 0,98 = 17,25 :6>C; 2O 90, 73,7 :6>C; E 0,98 = 72,23 :6>C;. 5<O;8, 100 3 AF4 >@30=87<O 54,6(9,99+27,36+17,25) ::0; 2O 90 228,1(41,31+114,57+72,23) :6>C; @50; 5=5@68 25@8@. 50; :0;>@8;8: =O7O@8 :0;>@8;8:4O= IO<8HO 074K@. /@703 <0;;0@K=K= IO7<8, >=;0@K= D878:8 E0AAO;O@8=4O= 2O :8<9O28 BO@:818=4O=, 404K=40= 2O 898=4O=, 1>90 2O OB8@ 25@O= <044O;O@8= >;<0AK=40= 0AK;K4K@. C=;0@40= 10H30 3840=K= IO7<8=O >=C= MN@F=FHF, 8=A0= 7N23F=O >EH0@;KLK 40 BOA8@ MNABO@8@. =A0=0 ;07K< >;0= MF=4O;8: 5=5@J8=8 2O >@30=87<4O M54O= 1FBF= ?@>A5A;O@8= =>@<0;;KLK=K BO<8= 5B<O: FGF= IO@ MF= <FO99O= <8340@ 3840 <044O;O@8 3O1C; >;C=<0AK 2068148@. @30=87<O ;07K< >;0= <044O;O@8= 3840 @0A8>=C=40 G0BKH<0<0AK 8=A0=K= A0L;0<;KLK=0 <O=D8 BOA8@ MNABO@8@. 4C@ :8, OA0A 3840 <044O;O@8=8= D878>;>J8 =>@<0AK, >=;0@K= :O<899OB 2O :59D899OB6O BO@:818, AO<O@O;8 3840;0=<0=K= ?@8=A8?;O@8 4O@A;8:4O <F0A8@ 5;<8 BO;O1;O@ AO2899OA8=4O 870I 548;8@. 2.6. A09;K 6O42O;4O >@B0 90H;K 8=A0=K= OA0A 3840 <044O;O@8=O MF=4O;8: BO;O10BK I033K=40 BOA483 >;C=<CH(41,42) 3840 =>@<0;0@K 25@8;<8H48@. 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quation.3  1C@040,   <OIAC;C= AKE;KLK4K@, :3/<3-;0; <  <OIAC;C= :FB;OA848@, :3-;0;   <OIAC;C= IO6<848@, <3-;0 !F4F= :59D899OB8, HO:O@ 2O 4C7 <OIAC;;0@K=K= 30BK;KLK <FO99O= 548;O@:O= AKE;K3 BO98= 548;8@. /@703 <OIAC;;0@K=K= BO43838=4O 18@ G>E I0;;0@40 =8A18 AKE;K3 BO98= >;C=C@. 8A18 AKE;K3 <FO99O= B5<?5@0BC@40 BO4383 >;C=0= <OIAC;C= AKE;KLK=K= AB0=40@B <044O=8= AKE;KLK=0 =8A1OB848@. C@C <OIAC;;0@ FGF= AB0=40@B <044O 40! 48AB8;;O >;C=<CH AC9C= AKE;KLK MNBF@F;F@. "O43830B 18@ G>E I0;;0@40 200! B5<?5@0BC@40 0?0@K;K@. 8A18 AKE;K3 0H0LK40:K D>@<C;0 F7@O BO98= 548;8@.  EMBED Equation.3  1C@040, <1  <OIAC;C= :FB;OA8, :3; <2  AC9C= :FB;OA8, :3; B1  <OIAC;C= B5<?5@0BC@C, 0!; B2  AC9C= B5<?5@0BC@C, 0!. OIAC;C= AKE;KLK=0 B5<?5@0BC@ 2O BO7983 BOA8@ MNABO@8@. "5<?5@0BC@ 9F:AO;48:4O <OIAC;C= IO6<8=8= 0@B<0AK I5A01K=0 AKE;K3 070;K@. OIAC;40 3C@C <044O;O@8= 30BK;KLK 0@B4K340 AKE;K3 40 0@BK@. 8A18 AKE;K3 AF4F= :59D899OB8=8= BO98=8=4O, HO@1OB 2O 5:AB@0:B;0@40 3C@C <044O=8=, 4C7;C340 4C7C=, 0@0340 A?8@B8= <8340@K=K= BO98=8=4O 8AB8D04O >;C=C@. 5;O :8, AF4F= AKE;KLK 1027-4O= 1031 :3/<3 0@0AK=40 BO@O44F4 548@. C 8AO AF44O >;0= 90LK=, 07>B;C <044O;O@8=, :0@1>I84@0B;0@K=, <8=5@0; 4C7;0@K= 2O 48MO@ <044O;O@8= >;<0AK 8;O O;03O40@4K@. !F4F= BO@:818=4O 90L G>E >;4C340 >=C= AKE;KLK 070;K@, GF=:8 AF4 90LK=K= AKE;KLK (920 :3/<3) AC9C= AKE;KLK=40= 074K@. !F4O AC 30BK;4K340 >=C= AKE;KLK IO@ 10% 30BK;0= AC90 MN@O 0,003 3O4O@ 070;K@. /MO@ AF4F= AKE;KLK 1027 :3/<3-4O= 07 >;0@A0, 15;O AF4 A0EB0;0H4K@K;<KH, 10H30 AN7;O AC 30BK;<KH I5A01 548;8@. !KE;K3 <592O-BO@O2O7;O@8= :59D899OB MNABO@868;O@8=8= <FO99O= 548;<OA8=4O 4O BOB183 >;C=C@. 0@B>DC= AKE;KLK =O 3O4O@ G>E >;0@A0, >, G>E =8H0AB0;K I5A01 548;8@. !KE;KLK G>E >;0= 95B8H<8H ?><84>@40= 2O 0;<040= 40I0 G>E 5<0; <OIAC;;0@K (?F@5, ?0AB0, ?@8?0A 2O A.) 0;<03 >;C@. 8@ G>E <OIAC;;0@40 IO6< 2O 90 30;03 :FB;OA8 BO98= 548;8@. OIAC;C= IO6< :FB;OA8 AO?8;O= <OIAC;;0@K= 20I84 IO6<4O :FB;OA8=8 MNABO@8@. )O6< :FB;OA8 B0@0;0@K= 2O 0=10@;0@K= IO6<8=8= <FO99O= 548;<OA8=4O 40HK=<0 2O 0=10@0 9KL<0 HO@08B8=8= A5G8;<OA8=4O 8AB8D04O >;C=C@. )O6< :FB;OA8 <OIAC;C= N;GFAF=4O=, D>@<0AK=40=, AKE;KLK=40= 2O A. 0AK;K >;C@. CL40 FGF= IO6< :FB;OA8 760 :3/<3, 0@?0 FGF= 545-605 :3/<3, G>240@ FGF= 670-715 :3/<3, 0;<0 FGF= 520-550 :3/<3, :0@B>D FGF= 650-700 :3/<3, GCLC=4C@ FGF= 600-650 :3/<3-48@. OA0<O;8;8:  O@703 <OIAC;;0@K=K= IO6< :FB;OA8=4O I020 8;O 4>;C <OA0<O;O@8= >;<0AK=K MNABO@8@. OA0<O;8: 0H0LK40:K 4FABC@ F7@O I5A01;0=K@.  EMBED Equation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quation.3 ) ) A0=/<2 MNABO@8;8@. 8=5<0B8: N7;F;F: <FI8B8= AKE;KLK=K= >=C= 48=0<8: N7;F;F9F=O >;0= =8A1OB8=O 1O@01O@ >;0= N7;F;F9O 4598;8@. 8=5<0B8: N7;F;F: <2/A0= 8;O MNABO@8;8@. .7;F;F9F= O:A MNABO@868A8 0E<0 3018;899OB8 04;0=K@. OIAC;;0@K= N7;F;F: E0AAOA8=O B5<?5@0BC@, BO7983, @FBC1OB 2O 90 90L;K;K3, 4C@C <OIAC;;0@K= 30BK;KLK 2O A. 0<8;;O@ BOA8@ MNABO@8@. 840 <OIAC;;0@K=K= N7;F;F: E0AAOA8 @FBC1OB, B5<?5@0BC@ 2O 90L;K;K3 0@B4K360 070;K@, <OIAC;;0@K= :>=A8AB5=A890AK 2O 48A?5@A 4O@O6OA8 9F:AO;48:6O 8AO 0@BK@. C@C O@703 <OIAC;;0@K=40= 10;, 18B:8 90L;0@K, HO@1OB;O@, 8G:8;O@, H8@O;O@ 2O A. FGF= N7;F;F: 18@ G>E O@703 <OIAC;;0@K=K= :59D899OB MNABO@868A848@ 2O >=;0@K= 8AB5IA0;K ?@>A5A8=4O (E0<<0;;0@K= 5<0;K=40) =O7O@O 0;K=K@. .7;F;F: E0AAOA8 O@703 <OIAC;;0@K=K= 8AB5IA0;K=40 20681 @>; >9=09K@ 2O B5E=>;>J8 ?@>A5A;O@O  30@KH4K@K;<0 (9>L@C;<0), AF7F;<O, 3K74K@K;<0, 5:AB@0:A890 5B<O 2O A. DO0; BOA8@ MNABO@8@. !F@FH:O=;8:  <OIAC;C= 408<8 BO7983 0;BK=40 0@0AK:OA8;<O4O= 45D>@<0A890 >;C=<0AK E0AAOA848@. C E0AAO ?5=48@, 4>=4C@<0, :O@O 90LK, <0@<5;04 2O A. <OIAC;;0@ FGF= E0@0:B5@8:48@. 598=B8 <OIAC;;0@K=40 AF@FH:O=;8: E0AAOA8 G>E B57 90@0=4KLK FGF= <OIAC;;0@K= 5<0;K=40 2O A0E;0=K;<0AK=40 1C E0AAO =O7O@O 0;K=<0;K4K@. "8:A>B@>?890  <5E0=8:8 BOA8@ 0;BK=40 40LK;<KH 1O78 48A?5@A A8AB5<;O@8= 3C@C;CH;0@K=K= N710HK=0 1O@?0 >;C=<0 3018;899OB848@. C I0; 18@ G>E 90@K<D01@8:0B;0@40 2O 9598=B8 AO=095A8 <OIAC;;0@K=40 <FH0I84O 548;8@. C@C;CH-<5E0=8:8 E0AAO;O@ 8GO@8A8=4O AOBI8 E0AAO;O@ EFACA8 95@ BCBC@. C=;0@0 04357890 2O 90 G8@8H;8: (90?KH30=;K3) 08448@. 4357890  <OIAC;C= 301;0H4K@K;4KLK B0@0 2O 90 <0B5@80; 8;O <OIAC;C= AOBI8 0@0AK=40:K 30@HK;K3;K BOA8@8 E0@0:B5@87O 548@. C MNABO@868 <OIAC;C= ?;0AB8: 2O N7;F;F: E0AAO;O@8 8;O O;03O40@4K@. 4357890 2 6F@ >;C@: A?5A8D8: (OA0A 04357890) 2O <5E0=8:8. 8@8=68 I0; B0@0=K= BO7983 0;BK=40 <OIAC;C= AOBI8=O 90?KH<0AK =OB86OA8=4O 10H 25@8@. 5E0=8:8 04357890 8AO <OIAC;C= <OA0<O;O@8=O BOA8@ 54O@O: <5E0=8:8 ?O@G8<;O<O 70<0=K 10H 25@8@. 4357890 ?5=48@, :O@O 90LK, OB 389<OA8, 1O78 3O==04K <O<C;0B;0@K 2O A. 9598=B8 <OIAC;;0@K FGF= E0@0:B5@8:48@. C <OIAC;;0@ :OA8;O= 70<0= 1KG0L0, G59=O=O= 70<0= 8AO 48HO 90?KHK@;0@. )O44O= 0@BK3 04357890 B5E=>;>J8 ?@>A5A;O@8 <F@O::O1;OH48@8@ 2O 1C 40 <OIAC;C= 8B:8A8=8= 0@B<0AK=0 AO1O1 >;C@. C E0AAO 9598=B8 <OIAC;;0@K=K= 5<0;K FAC;;0@K=K=, 301;0H4K@K6K <0B5@80;;0@K= 2O A0E;0=<0 HO@08B8=8= A5G8;<OA8=4O =O7O@O 0;K=K@. )07K@40 3C@C;CH-<5E0=8:8 E0AAO;O@8= N;GF;<OA8 FGF= <FEBO;8D 68I07;0@40= 8AB8D04O >;C=C@. C 68I07;0@ BO98=0BK=0, 8H ?@8=A8?8=O, :>=AB@C:A890AK=0 MN@O DO@3;O=8@;O@. ;0AB8:;8: 2O ?;0AB8:;8: E0AAOA8=8 N9@O=<O: FGF= ?;0AB><5B@;O@4O=, :>=A8AB><5B@;O@4O=, ?5=5B@><5B@;O@4O= 8AB8D04O >;C=C@. %O<8@8= 5;0AB8:8 2O ?;0AB8:8 E0AAO;O@8=8 D0@5=>3@0D 2O 0;25>3@0D 68I07;0@K=40 AK=0340= :5G8@8@;O@. 8A:>78<5B@ 20A8BOA8;O 9598=B8 <OIAC;;0@K=K= N7;F;F9F BO98= >;C=C@. 3.3. /   ++ !"-$ %!!//  OIAC;;0@K= 8AB8;8:-D878:8 E0AAO;O@8 >=;0@40 10H 25@O= 3K7<0 2O A>9C<0 ?@>A5A;O@8=8= E0@0:B5@8=4O= 2O AF@OB8=4O= 0AK;K4K@. AB8;8:-D878:8 E0AAO;O@O <OIAC;C= EFACA8 8AB8;8: BCBC<C, EFACA8 8AB8;8::5G8@<O 2O B5<?5@0BC@ :5G8@<O O<A0;;0@K, O@8<O 2O 4>=<0 B5<?5@0BC@;0@K 08448@. OIAC;;0@K= 8AB8;8:-D878:8 E0AAO;O@8=8= <FO99O= >;C=<0AK >=;0@K= 40HK=<0AK, A0E;0=K;<0AK 2O 5<0;K 70<0=K A>9C4C;<0 2O 4>=4C@C;<0 ?@>A5A;O@8=O AO@D >;C=0= 5=5@J8=8= <8340@K=K I5A01;0<0L0 8<:0= 25@8@. F0A8@ 4N2@4O <OIAC;;0@K= 8AB8;8:-D878:8 E0AAO;O@8 I033K=40 40I0 M5=8H BOAO22F@;O@ <N26C44C@. 5;O :8, 1C E0AAO;O@8= BO@:818=O D878:8-:8<9O28 ?@>A5A;O@ FGF= 09@K;0= 2O 8AB8D04O >;C=0= 5=5@J8=8= <8340@K 40 084 548;8@. AB8;8: BCBC<C 3K74K@K;<0 2O A>9C4C;<0 70<0=K <OIAC;C= B5<?5@0BC@C=C= 4O98H<OA8 8=B5=A82;898=8 E0@0:B5@87O 548;8@. %FACA8 8AB8;8: BCBC<C  1 :3 <OIAC;C= 10! 3K74K@K;<0AK=0 AO@D >;C=0= 8AB8;898= :>C;;0 (::0; 8;O) <8340@K4K@. %FACA8 8AB8;8: BCBC<C 0H0LK40:K D>@<C;0 F7@O I5A01;0=K@.  EMBED Equation.3  1C@040,   EFACA8 8AB8;8: BCBC<C, >C;/  EMBED Equation.3 ;   8AB8;8: 5=5@J8A8=8= <8340@K, >C;;   <OIAC;C= :FB;OA8, :3;  EMBED Equation.3 B  B5<?5@0BC@C= 4O98H<OA8, 4O@O6O 8;O. /@703 <OIAC;;0@K=K= =O<;898, :8<9O28 BO@:818, 3C@C;CHC, AC9C= 18@;OH<O D>@<0;0@K 2O 48MO@ 0<8;;O@ EFACA8 8AB8;8: BCBC<C=0 1N9F: BOA8@ MNABO@8@. !C9C= 8AB8;8: BCBC<C 20I84O 1O@01O@48@. %FACA8 8AB8;8: BCBC<C :0@1>I84@0B;0@ FGF= 0,34; 90L FGF= 0,37; 7F;0; FGF= 0,42; 3C@C I020 FGF= 0,24; 1C7 FGF= 8AO 0,5-O 1O@01O@48@. OIAC;C= :8<9O28 BO@:818=8 18;<O:;O 0H0LK40:K D>@<C;0 OA0AK=40 >=C= EFACA8 8AB8;8: BCBC<C=C I5A01;0<03 >;0@.  EMBED Equation.3  1C@040, A  AC9C= EFACA8 8AB8;8: BCBC<C (1-O 1O@01O@48@); 3<  <OIAC;40:K 3C@C <044O;O@8= 8AB8;8: BCBC<C4C@;   <OIAC;C= EFACA8 8AB8;8: BCBC<C4C@; W  <OIAC;40 =O<;898= D087;O <8340@K4K@.)5A01;0<0 3C@C <044O9O MN@O 0?0@K;4KLK FGF= <OIAC;C= =O<;898 100 1N;F=F@. OIAC;C= 3K74K@K;<0AK=0 2O 90 A>9C4C;<0AK=0 ;07K< >;0= 8AB8;898= <8340@K=K 18;<O: FGF= -=8= OIO<899OB8 1N9F:4F@. OIAC;C= EFACA8 8AB8;8: BCBC<C >=C= BO@:818=4O >;0= AC9C= <8340@K=40= 0AK;K4K@. !C9C= <8340@K 0@B4K360 <OIAC;C= EFACA8 8AB8;8: BCBC<C O<A0;K 1-O 90EK=;0HK@. 0LK= <8340@K <OIAC;C= 8AB8;8: BCBC<C=C 070;4K@. AB8;8::5G8@<O O<A0;K  <OIAC;C= :59D899OB8 FGF= OIO<899OB;848@. 0;K=;KLK 1 <, A0IOA8 1 <2 >;0=, O:A BO@OD;O@4O B5<?5@0BC@ DO@38 10! >;0= <OIAC;40= 1 A00B <F44OB8=4O :5GO= 8AB8;898= <8340@K=0 8AB8;8::5G8@<O O<A0;K 4598;8@. AB8;8::5G8@<O O<A0;K 0H0LK40:K D>@<C;0 F7@O I5A01;K=K@:  EMBED Equation.3  1C@040,  EMBED Equation.3   8AB8;8::5G8@<O O<A0;K,  EMBED Equation.3 ;   <OIAC;C= 30BK=40= :5GO= 8AB8;898= <8340@K, >C;;   30BK= 30;K=;KLK, <; !  8AB8;898= 25@8;4898 A0IO=8= A0IOA8, <2; B1-B2  O:A BO@OD;O@4O:8 B5<?5@0BC@ DO@38, 4O@O6O;   20EB, A00B;0. AB8;8::5G8@<O <OIAC;C= 3C@C;CHC=40=, BO@:818=4O=, IO6< :FB;OA8=4O=, BO79834O= 2O B5<?5@0BC@40= 0AK;K4K@. OA0<O;8 <OIAC;;0@K= 8AB8;8::5G8@<O O<A0;K 40I0 074K@. '>E AC;C <OIAC;;0@K= 8AB8;8: :5G8@<OA8, 3C@C <OIAC;;0@0 =8A1OBO= G>E4C@. C 40 AC9C= 8AB8;8: :5G8@<OA8=8= G>E >;<0AK (0,599) 8;O O;03O40@4K@. "O@:818=4O G>E;C 90L >;0=, IO<G8=8= <OA0<O;8 2O 4O=O2O@ <OIAC;;0@40 8AB8;8::5G8@<O O<A0;K 0H0LK >;C@ ( EMBED Equation.3 ). O78 <OIAC;;0@K= EFACA8 8AB8;8: BCBC<C 2O 8AB8;8::5G8@<O O<A0;K 3.1 A09;K 6O42O;4O 25@8;<8H48@. O42O; 3.1. O78 <OIAC;;0@K= 8AB8;8: BCBC<C 2O 8AB8;8::5G8@<O O<A0;K OIAC;;0@K= 04K%FACA8 8AB8;8: BCBC<C >C;/( EMBED Equation.3 )AB8;8::5G8@<O O<A0;K "/( EMBED Equation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quation.3 ), EFACA8 8AB8;8: BCBC<C () 2O <OIAC;C= AKE;KLK () <O;C< >;4C340 0H0LK40:K D>@<C;0 F7@O I5A01;0<03;0 BO98= 548@;O@:  EMBED Equation.3  "5<?5@0BC@:5G8@<O O<A0;K <OIAC;C= 8AB8;8:8=5@A890 E0AAOA8=4O= - >=C= 3K74K@K;<0 2O A>9C4C;<0 AF@OB8=4O= 0AK;K4K@. "5<?5@0BC@:5G8@<O =O 3O4O@ 9F:AO: >;0@A0, <OIAC;C= 3K7<0 2O A>9C<0 AF@OB8 4O 18@ > 3O4O@ 9F:AO: >;0@. "5<?5@0BC@:5G8@<O9O <OIAC;C= =O<;898, B5<?5@0BC@C, AKE;KLK, <OA0<O;8;898, 90L;K;KLK 2O A. E0AAO;O@8 BOA8@ 548@. "5<?5@0BC@:5G8@<O9O BOA8@ MNABO@O= 1C E0AAO;O@ IO@ 18@ <OIAC; FGF= DO@4848@. 5;O :8, 90@<0;0@40 B5<?5@0BC@:5G8@<O O<A0;K <OIAC;C= =O<;898 0@B4K360 070;K@, 10;40 8AO B5<?5@0BC@C= 9F:AO;<OA8 8;O 070;K@, =O<;898= 9F:AO;<OA8 8;O 8AO 0@BK@. 3.4. /   ++ " $ %!!//  ;5:B@>D878:8 E0AAO;O@, <OIAC;C= 5;5:B@><03=8B A0IOA8=4O N7F=F= =56O 0?0@<0AK=K E0@0:B5@87O 548@. ;5:B@>D878:8 E0AAO;O@O 485;5:B@8: :5G8@<O, 5;5:B@8: :5G8@<O: 2O 1. 08448@. /@703 <OIAC;;0@K=K= AC;C I5B5@>M5= 30@KHKLK >;<0AK <O;C<4C@. /@703 <0;;0@K=K= 7F;0;, 90L, :0@1>I84@0B, AC :8<8 :><?>=5=B;O@8 485;5:B@8:;O@ AK@0AK=0 08448@. =603 4C7;0@K= AC;C <OI;C;;0@K  5;5:B@>;8B;O@  :5G8@868;O@O 08448@. 598=B8 <0;;0@K=K= 5;5:B@>D878:8 E0AAO;O@8=O B5<?5@0BC@, =O<;8:, AKE;K3 2O 10H30 0<8;;O@ BOA8@ MNABO@8@. 598=B8 <0;;0@K=K= 9F:AO: B57;8:;8 6O@O90=;0 2O 8=D@03K@<K7K HF0;0@;0 HF0;0=4K@K;<0AK 8;O 5<0;K=40 485;5:B@8: :5G8@868;8: =O7O@O 0;K=K@. ;5:B@8::5G8@<O <044O;O@8= 5;5:B@8: 5=5@J8A8=8 :5G8@<OA8 3018;899OB848@. C 8AO <OIAC;;0@K= =O<;898 8;O AKE O;03K40@4K@. 8@ G>E O@703 <0;;0@K=K= 5;5:B@8: :5G8@<OA8=8= N;GF;<OA8=O OA0AO= >=;0@40 (C=, B>7-HO:O@, B0EK; 2O A.) =O<;898= <8340@K, BF=4 @O=M;8 <OIAC;;0@40 (HO@01, H8@O) 8AO B8B@;O=O= BC@HC;C3 BO98= 548;8@. 3.5. /   ++ " %!!//  ?B8:8 E0AAO;O@O <OIAC;;0@K= @O=M8, HODD0D;KLK, @5D@0:A890AK 2O >?B8:8 DO0;;KLK 08448@. O=M  O@703 <0;;0@K=40 BO188 2O AF=8 <O=HO;8 1>90 <044O;O@8=8= >;<0AK 8;O O;03O40@4K@. 5;O :8, OB8= @O=M8 O7O;O=8= <8>3;>18=8=4O= 0AK;K4K@. %;>@>D8; <592O-BO@O2O7;O@O 90HK; @O=M 25@8@. ;10;K, M020;K, 30@0L0B 2O 18@ G>E <592O;O@8= 3K@<K7K-1O=N2HO98 @O=M8 >=;0@40 0=B>A80=;0@K= >;<0AK 8;O 870I 548;8@. /@703 <OIAC;;0@K=K= A0@K-=0@K=6K @O=M8 2O >=C= 8=B5=A82;898 :0@>B8=>84;O@8= <8340@K=40= 0AK;K4K@. &<C<899OB;O, O@703 <OIAC;;0@K=K= @O=M8, >=;0@K= 1C 2O 90 10H30 N;GF;F HF0;0@K C4<0, O:A5B48@<O 2O 1C@0E<0 3018;899OB8=4O= 0AK;K4K@. OA., 4C7, HO:O@ 2O 48MO@ 0L @O=M;8 O@703 <OIAC;;0@K 1FBF= 8HK3 HF0;0@K=K O:A 5B48@4898 FGF= 0L MN@F=F@. 0@0 <OE<O@8 G09, 30@0 8AB8>B 2O 48MO@ BF=4 @O=M;8 <OIAC;;0@ A?5:B@8= MN@F=O= HF0;0@K=K B0< C4C@, >=0 MN@O 4O 30@0 @O=M4O48@. K@<K7K HO@01;0@ 2O 48MO@ 3K@<K7K @O=M;8 <OIAC;;0@ A?5:B@8= 1FBF= HF0;0@K=K C4C@, ;0:8= 3K@<K7K HF0;0@K O:A 5B48@8@. !?5:B@8= C4<0 3018;899OB8=8 18;<O:;O <OIAC;C= BO@:818=4O:8 1C 2O 90 48MO@ @O=M;8 :8<9O28 18@;OH<O=8= <8340@K=K BO98= 5B<O: <F<:F=4F@. OIAC;;0@K= @O=M8 D>B>5;5:B@>:0;>@8<5B@;O 2O 90 A?5:B@>D>B><5B@;O BO98= 548;8@. (ODD0D;K3  18@ G>E O@703 <OIAC;;0@K, > 6F<;O4O= ;8:N@-0@03, HO@01, <592O H8@O;O@8 2O <8=5@0; AC;0@K= O= 20681 :59D899OB MNABO@868A848@. (ODD0D;K3 <OIAC;C= 8HKLK :5G8@<O 3018;899OB8=8 E0@0:B5@87O 548@. FBF= MN@F=O= A?5:B@8 1C@0E0= <OIAC;;0@ (A?8@B, 0@03, 48AB8;;O AC9C) HODD0D4K@. (F0;0@K 0=603 40@ A?5:B@ 8=B5@20;K=40 1C@0E0= <095;O@4O HODD0D4K@, ;0:8= @O=M;848@. OA., HO@01;0@, HODD0D;0H4K@K;<KH H8@O;O@, 18B:8 90L;0@K 2O A. (ODD0D;0H4K@K;<0<KH BO188 H8@O;O@, :0;;>84 <OI;C;;0@, 5<C;A890;0@ 2O ACA?5=7890;0@ HODD0D 4598;, GF=:8 HF0=K G>E 909K@;0@. HKLK= @5D@0:A890AK  9O=8 18@ <FI8B4O= 10H30 <FI8BO :5GO@:O= 8AB830<OB8=8 4O98H<OA8  O@703 <0;;0@K=K= :59D899OB8=8= 389<OB;O=48@8;<OA8=4O BOB183 >;C=C@. (F0AK=4K@<0 O<A0;K HF0=K= 4FH<O 1C60LK A8=CAC=C= AK=<0 1C60LK A8=CAC=0 =8A1OB8 :8<8 MNBF@F;F@. (F0AK=4K@<0 O<A0;K=0 <FI8B8= B5<?5@0BC@C, <OIAC;40:K 3C@C <044O;O@8= 30BK;KLK 2O 48MO@ 0<8;;O@ BOA8@ 548@. OIAC;;0@K= HF0AK=4K@<0 O<A0;K=0 OA0A;0=0= @5D@0:B><5B@8: FAC;40= 90L;0@K=, B><0B <OIAC;;0@K=K=, <F@O11O 2O 65<8= :59D899OB8=8= BO98=8=4O 8AB8D04O >;C=C@. ?B8:8 DO0;;K3  <OIAC;C= BO@:818=4O:8 OA0A <044O=8= <>;5:C;C=C=, <044O=8= ?>;90@87O >;C=<CH 8HK3 <FABO28A8=8 DK@;0B<0 3018;899OB848@. (O:O@;O@, =8H0AB0, 3;8:>M5= 2O 0<8=BC@HC;0@K >?B8:8 DO0;4K@;0@. OIAC;;0@K= >?B8:8 DO0;;KLK EFACA8 DK@;0B<0 :O<899OB8 8;O E0@0:B5@87O 548;8@. "5<?5@0BC@ 200!, 8HK3 HF0AK 40;L0AK=K= C7C=;CLC  =0B@8C<  A?5:B@ EOBB8 3O4O@, <OI;C;;0@ FGF= 30BK =>@<0; 30;K=;KLK 1 <; <OI;C;40 1 3 <044O >;4C340 1 4<-48@. 5<O;8, EFACA8 DK@;0B<0 :O<899OB8  EMBED Equation.3  30BK= 30;K=;KLK 1 4< 2O 1 <; <OI;C;40 1 3 <044O >;0= <OI;C; 30BK;KLK=K= DK@;0=<0 1C60LK=0 1O@01O@48@ 2O 1C 40 @89078 >;0@03 0H0LK40:K :8<8 MNABO@8;8@:  EMBED Equation.3  1C@040,  EMBED Equation.3  - ?>;90@870A890 <FBO28A8=8= DK@;0B<0 1C60LK;  EMBED Equation.3 - <OI;C;C= 30BK;KLK, 3/100 <;;  EMBED Equation.3  - <OI;C; 30BK=K= 30;K=;KLK (B@C1:0=K= C7C=;CLC)  4<. CE0@K40:K D>@<C;0=K OA0A MNBF@F1 BO4383 >;C=0= <OI;C;C= 30BK;KLK=K 0H0LK40:K D>@<C;0 F7@O BO98= 5B<O: <F<:F=4F@:  EMBED Equation.3  >;90@8<5B@890 FAC;C 8;O HO:O@4O A0E0@>70=K=, :0@B>D 2O B0EK;40 =8H0AB0=K= <8340@K, D5@<5=B;O@8= HO:O@O<O;OMOB8@<O DO0;;KLK 2O A. BO98= >;C=C@. 3.6. /   ++ ! ! %!!//  OIAC;;0@K= A>@1A8>= E0AAO;O@8 >=;0@K= OI0BO >;C=4CLC <FI8B4O= 1CE0@ 2O 307;0@K N7F=OGO:<O 3018;899OB848@. /@703 <OIAC;;0@K=K= A0E;0=K;<0AK 2O 40HK=<0AK HO@08B8=8= A5G8;<OA8 8;O O;03O40@ 1C E0AAO;O@8= OIO<899OB8 1N9F:4F@. !>@1A890 4 B8?4O >;0 18;O@: 04A>@1A890  <OIAC;C= AOBI8=O C4C;0= <044O;O@, 01A>@1A890  <OIAC;C= 1FBF= IO6<8=8= C44CLC <044O;O@, E5<>A>@1A890  :8<9O28 18@;OH<O O<O;O MOB8@<O:;O <OIAC;C= C44CLC <044O4O8@, :0?8;90@ :>=45=A0A890  <044O=8= 1CE0@K N7F=O GO:<OA8 70<0=K 1O@: <OIAC;;0@K= <0:@>- 2O <8:@>:0?8;90@;0@K=40 4C@C D070=K= O<O;O MO;<OA848@. /@703 <OIAC;;0@K FGF= O:A A>@1A890  45A>@1A890 40 E0@0:B5@8:48@. C 70<0= <OIAC;C= AOBI8=4O= <044O;O@ (1CE0@, 5D8@ 90L;0@K, 307;0@ 2O A.) OB@0D <FI8BO :5G8@. !>@1A890;0@K= =OB86OA8=4O, A0E;0=K;<0 4N2@F=4O <OIAC; E>H0MO;<O9O= :O=0@ 89;O@ 3O1C; 548@, I02040= AC 1CE0@K=K N7F=O GO:<OA8 8;O O;03K40@ 8AO =O<;898 0@BK@. "O6@F1O4O O= G>E OIO<899OB :OA1 54O= AC 1CE0@K=K= A>@1A890AK 2O 45A>@1A890AK4K@. OIAC;C= AOBI8=4O:8 AC 1CE0@K=K= ?0@A80; BO79838 I02040:K AC 1CE0@K=K= ?0@A80; BO79838=4O= 07 >;4C340 <OIAC; =O< GO:8@, 10H30 AN7;O AC 1CE0@K=K A>@1A890 548@. OIAC;C= AOBI8=4O:8 AC 1CE0@K=K= BO79838 I02040:K AC 1CE0@K=K= BO79838=4O= G>E >;4C340 45A>@1A890, 9O=8 <OIAC;40= AC9C= 1CE0@;0=<0AK 10H 25@8@. OB86O4O <OIAC;C= =O<;898 070;K@, 3C@C9C@ 2O :59D899OB8=8 8B8@8@. /MO@ <OIAC;C= AOBI8=4O:8 AC 1CE0@K=K= BO79838 8;O I02040:K AC 1CE0@K=K= BO79838 1O@01O@ >;0@A0, >=40 48=0<8: 1O@01O@;8: 10H 25@8@. OB86O4O <OIAC;40 B0@07;0H0= =O<;8: 90@0=K@. C ?@>A5A <OIAC;C= :8<9O28 BO@:818=4O= 2O I0;K=40=, IO<G8=8= <FI8B8= (0=10@ I020AK=K=) =8A18 @FBC1OB8=4O= 2O B5<?5@0BC@C=40= 0AK;K4K@. )83@>A:>?8:;8:  <OIAC;C= OI0BO >;C=4CLC I02040= AC 1CE0@K=K N7F=O GO:<OA8 2O >=C :0?8;90@;0@40 2O 1FBF= AOBI8 F7@O A0E;0<0 E0AAOA848@. /@703 <OIAC;;0@K=K= I83@>A:>?8:;898 >=;0@K= 3C@C;CHC=40= 2O :8<9O28 BO@:818=4O=, IO<G8=8= I020=K= B5<?5@0BC@ 2O BO79838=4O= 0AK;K4K@. 8@ 30940 >;0@03 B>701O=7O@ <OIAC;;0@ (3C@C AF4, 3OI2O), G09, 3C@C4C;<CH <592O-BO@O2O7;O@ 9F:AO: I83@>A:>?8:;898 8;O AO6899O2848@. OIAC;40 I83@>A:>?8: AC9C= <8340@K, >=C= BO@:818=4O=, 9O=8 OI0BO >;C=4CLC I02040= AC 1CE0@K=K =8A1OBO= 40I0 DO0; AC@OB4O N7F=O GO:O= <044O;O@4O= 0AK;K4K@. 5;O <044O;O@O 10;K= I83@>A:>?8:;898=8 AO6899O;O=48@O= D@C:B>70, :0;A8C< 2O <03=578C< 4C7;0@K <8A0; >;0 18;O@. OIAC;40 I83@>A:>?8: AC9C= <8340@K I020=K= @FBC1OB8=4O= 0AK;K4K@. )020=K= =8A18 @FBC1OB8 8AO >=C= AC 1CE0@K 8;O 4>9<0 4O@O6OA8=8 MNABO@8@ 2O D087;O 8D04O >;C=C@. 8A18 @FBC1OB I02040 >;0= AC 1CE0@K=K= <FB;O3 <8340@K=K= IO<8= B5<?5@0BC@ 2O BO79834O >=40:K 4>9<CH AC 1CE0@K=K= <8340@K=0 =8A1OB848@. )020=K= =8A18 @FBC1OB8 (W) 0H0LK40:K D>@<C;0 F7@O I5A01;0=K@:  EMBED Equation.3  1C@040, <<FB  I02040:K AC 1CE0@K=K= <FB;O3 <8340@K, 3/<3; <<0:A  IO<8= B5<?5@0BC@40 2O BO79834O I02040 >;0= AC 1CE0@K=K= <0:A8<C< <8340@K, 3/<3. /@703 <OIAC;;0@K=K= D878:8 E0AAO;O@8=8= IO@BO@OD;8 2O 4O@8=4O= N9@O=8;<OA8, MO;O6O:4O 09@K-09@K 3@C? 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OAO;O=, BFBF= <O<C;0BK GO:8;O@:O= BFABF 8;O 18@;8:4O 09@K;0= =8:>B8= 1C=0 <8A0; >;0 18;O@. /@703 <0;;0@K=K= :59D899OB8=8= 9F:AO;48;<OA8 >=;0@K= 8=A0= >@30=87<8 FGF= D878>;>J8 OIO<899OB8=8 0@BK@K@, E0<<0; 2O <0B5@80;;0@0 3O=0OB 5B<O9O, OI0;8 BO;O18=8= 40I0 4>;LC= N4O=8;<OA8=O 2O 59=8 70<0=40 8AB5IA0; >;C=0= <OIAC;;0@K= 4F=90 1070@K=0 GKE0@K;<0AK=0 <FA1OB BOA8@ MNABO@8@. /I0;8=8= <0448 AO2899OA8=8= 9F:AO;48;<OA8 2O B5E=8:8 BO@O338=8= BO:<8;;OH48@8;<OA8 8;O O;03O40@ >;0@03 O@703 <0;;0@K=K= :59D899OB8=O BO;O10B 0@0AK :OA8;<O4O= 0@BK@. F0A8@ 4N2@4O OI0;8 40I0 G>E :59D899OB;8, 9F:AO: 3840;K 2O 5:>;>J8 6OIOB4O= 7O@O@A87 2O =N3A0=AK7 O@703 <OIAC;;0@K 8AB5I;0: 5B<O9O FABF=;F: 25@8@. F:AO: :59D899OB;8 O@703 <OIAC;C 8AB5IA0; 5B<O: E0<<0;0 2O <0448 5IB890B;0@0 3O=0OB 5B<O:, =OB86O 5B810@K 8;O 6O<899OB8= BO;O10BK=K 40I0 4>;LC= N4O<O: 45<O:48@. OIAC;;0@K= :59D899OB8=8= 408<8 9F:AO;48;<OA8 83B8A048990BK= 8=:8H0DK FGF= 7O@C@8 BO;O1;O@4O= 18@8 I5A01 548;8@. OIAC; :59D899OB8= 9F:AO;48;<OA8=4O OA0A HO@B;O@4O= 18@8 >=C= :59D899OB8=8= 4F7MF= 840@O >;C=<0AK4K@. /@703 <0;;0@K=K= :59D899OB8=8= 840@O >;C=<0AK 8;O :59D899OBO 408<8 =O70@OB 548;<OA8=8 2O >=C= AO2899OA8=8= 20EB0HK@K 389<OB;O=48@8;<OA8=8 BO;O1 548@. 4.2. /@703 <0;;0@K=K= :59D899OB AO2899OA8=8= 389<OB;O=48@8;<OA8 FAC;;0@K 0;;0@K= :59D899OB AO2899OA8 48D5@5=A80;, :><?;5:A 2O 90 30@KHK3 FAC;;0@;0 389<OB;O=48@8;8@. 8D5@5=A80; FAC;40 <OIAC; :59D899OB8=8 389<OB;O=48@<O: FGF= BO4383 >;C=0= =F<C=O=8= 09@K-09@K MNABO@868;O@8 5B0;>= =F<C=O=8= C9LC= MNABO@868;O@8 8;O <F3098AO 548;8@. OB86O4O BO4383 >;C=0= <OIAC;C= :59D899OB8=8= 5B0;>=0 C9LC=;CLC <FO99O= 548;8@. /MO@ :59D899OB MNABO@868A8 5B0;>=40= :O=0@;0HK@A0, 1C=C= AO1O18 094K=;0H4K@K;K@. OIAC;;0@K= :59D899OB AO2899OA8=8= 48D5@5=A80; FAC;;0 389<OB;O=48@8;<OA8=4O =8A18 MNABO@868;O@ (8) 0H0LK40:K 4FABC@;0@ 20A8BOA8;O I5A01;0=K@:  EMBED Equation.3  (1)  EMBED Equation.3  (2) 1C@040, 8  :59D899OB8 389<OB;O=48@8;O= <OIAC;C= MNABO@868A8=8= 389<OB848@; 81  5B0;>= <OIAC;C= 1070 MNABO@868;O@8=8= 389<OB848@; 8  MNABO@868;O@8= A09K4K@. 594 >;C=0= 4FABC@ F7@O I5A01;0<0=K= 5;O @O3O<8 MNBF@F;F@ :8, 8-=8= 389<OB8=8= 0@B<0AK <OIAC; :59D899OB8=8= 90EHK;0H<0AK=0 AO1O1 >;C@. OAO;O=, <O<C;0BK= 404K=K= 2O 898=8= 389<OB;O=48@8;<OA8=4O =8A18 MNABO@868=8= 1 A09;K 4FABC@C=40= 8AB8D04O 548;4898=4O= 0;K=<KH MNABO@868 <OIAC;C= :59D899OB8=8= 90EHK;0H4KLK=K BOA483 548@. >=A5@2;O@4O >;0= 0LK@ <5B0; 4C7;0@K=K= <8340@K=K= 389<OB;O=48@8;<OA8=4O 2 A09;K 4FABC@40= 8AB8D04O 548;8@, GF=:8 1C@040 =8A18 MNABO@868=8= 07 >;<0AK :59D899OB8= 90EHK >;<0AK=K BOA483 548@. 8A18 MNABO@868 20I84O 1O@01O@ 2O 90 >=40= 18@ 3O4O@ G>E >;4C340 <OIAC; :59D899OB8=8= AO2899OA8 3O=0OB1OEH I5A01 548;8@. OAO;O=, O;0 A>@B C=C= BO@:818=4O :F;F= <8340@K AB0=40@B F7@O 0,55%-4O= G>E >;<0<0;K4K@. "O4383 >;C=0= C=40 8AO :F;F= <8340@K >@B0 I5A01;0 0,52% >;<CH4C@. =40 =8A18 MNABO@868 BOE<8=O= 1,04-O 1O@01O@ >;C@(0,55 : 0,52 ( 1,04). 8D5@5=A80; FAC;40= 8AB8D04O 5B<O:;O <OIAC;C= I0=AK MNABO@868 F7@O :59D899OB8=8= O= 90EHK 5B0;>=0 C9LC= MO;4898=8 2O C9LC= MO;<O4898=8 <FO99O= 5B<O: >;0@. C FAC;C= G0BKH<0<07;KLK >=40= 810@OB48@ :8, 09@K-09@K MNABO@868;O@8 18@-18@8 8;O <F3098AO 5B<O: >;<C@, GF=:8 MNABO@868;O@8= 389<OB;O@8=8= N;GF 20I848 <FEBO;8D48@. O7O= 15;O 0;K=K@ :8, =8A18 MNABO@868;O@8= 1O78;O@8 20I844O= G>E, 48MO@;O@8 8AO 074K@. =0 MN@O 4O <OIAC;C= :59D899OB AO2899OA8 I033K=40 F<C<8 =OB86O 25@<O: >;<C@. OIAC;C= :59D899OB AO2899OA8=8= 389<OB;O=48@8;<OA8=8= :><?;5:A FAC;C=40 15;O G0BKH<07;K3 9>E4C@. C FAC;40= O@703 <OIAC;;0@K=K= :59D899OB8=8= 389<OB;O=48@8;<OA8=4O 40I0 G>E 8AB8D04O 548;8@. OAO;O=, <OIAC; :59D899OB8=8= >@30=>;5?B8:8 FAC;;0 389<OB;O=48@8;<OA8=4O :><?;5:A FAC; BOB183 >;C=C@. ><?;5:A MNABO@868;O@ () 0H0LK40:K 4FABC@ F7@O I5A01;0=K@:  EMBED Equation.3  1C@040, <8  8 :59D899OB MNABO@868A8 FGF= 9F:AO: GO:8 O<A0;K4K@; 8  <OIAC; :59D899OB8=8= =8A18 MNABO@868A848@ (10;;0). 59D899OB MNABO@868;O@8=8= 389<OB;O=48@8;<OA8=8= >@30=>;5?B8: FAC;;0@K=K= AO6899OA8=4O GO:8 O<A0;K=K= I5A01;0=<0AK MNABO@8;8@. OAO;O=, :O@O 90LK=K= >@30=>;5?B8:8 MNABO@868;O@8=8= 389<OB;O=48@8;<OA8=4O 90LK= 404 2O 898=O 50 10;;, E0@868 MN@F=FHF 2O :>=A8AB5=A890AK=0 25 10;;, @O=M8=O 5 10;;, 4C7;0=<0AK=0 10 10;; 2O 301;0H4K@K;<0AK=0 10 10;; 389<OB 25@8;8@. OIAC; :59D899OB8=8= 389<OB;O=48@8;<OA8=8= 30@KHK3 FAC;C=40 48D5@5=A80; 2O :><?;5:A FAC;;0@ 18@-18@8 8;O O;03O;O=48@8;8@. C 70<0= :59D899OB MNABO@868;O@8=8= 18@ 38A<8 (:8<9O28 2O B5E=>;>J8 MNABO@868;O@) 48D5@5=A80; FAC;;0, 48MO@;O@8 (<OAO;O=, >@30=>;5?B8:8 MNABO@868;O@) :><?;5:A FAC;;0 389<OB;O=48@8;8@. C FAC;40= 8AB8D04O 5B<O:;O :59D899OB8 389<OB;O=48@8;O= <OIAC;C= I0=AK MNABO@868;O@8=8= AB0=40@B =F<C=O;O@4O= ?8A 2O 90 90EHK >;<0AK I033K=40 D8:8@ AN9;O<O: >;0@. /@703 <OIAC;;0@K=K= :59D899OB AO2899OA8=8= 389<OB;O=48@8;<OA8 <5B>4;0@K IO< 4O 8=D>@<0A890=K= 0;K=<0 FAC;;0@K=0 (N;G<O, 35948990B, >@30=>;5?B8:, I5A010B) 2O <O=1O;O@8=O (O=O=O28, 5:A?5@B, A>A8>;>J8) MN@O DO@3;O=48@8;8@. .;G<O <5B>4C B5E=8:8 N;G<O 20A8BO;O@8=4O=, @50:B82 2O 301;0@40= 8AB8D04O 548;O@O: 0;K=0= 8=D>@<0A890;0@0 OA0A;0=K@. C 70<0= 0<?5@<5B@, :0;>@8<5B@, @5D@0:B><5B@, 05@><5B@, ;0:B>45=A8<5B@ 2O A. 1C :8<8 68I07;0@40= 8AB8D04O 548;8@. C FAC;;0 BO98= >;C=0= :59D899OB MNABO@868;O@8 4O383 N;GF 20I84;O@8 (<8;;8<5B@, 3@0<, 4O@O6O 2O A.) 8;O MNABO@8;8@. 5948990B <5B>4C <FO99O= I048AO;O@8=, OH90;0@K= 2O 90 EO@6;O@8= <8340@K=K= I5A01;0=<0AK (35948990BK) 9>;C 8;O 0;K=0= 8=D>@<0A890;0@K= 8AB8D04OA8=O OA0A;0=K@. C FAC;;0 3O1C;, A0E;0=K;<0 2O A0BKH, 59=8 70<0=40 O<BOO;O@8= 2O <0448 AO@2OB;O@8= 389<OB;O=48@8;<OA8 70<0=K ?0@B890 <0;40 3FAC@;C <O<C;0BK= >;<0AK=K <FO99O= 548@;O@. )5A010B <5B>4C <OIAC;C= :59D899OB MNABO@868;O@8=8= >=C= ?0@0<5B@;O@8=4O= =O7O@8 2O 90 5<?8@8: 0AK;K;K3;0@40= 8AB8D04O9O OA0A;0=K@. C <5B>4C 95=8 <OIAC; 8AB5IA0;K 2O >=C ;098IO;O=48@<OA8 70<0=K BOB183 548@;O@. 'F=:8 1C <O@IO;O4O <OIAC; IO;O 5:A?5@8<5=B BO43830B >195:B8 >;0 18;<O7. @30=>;5?B8:8 <5B>4;0 8=A0= I8AA F72;O@8 20A8BOA8;O 3O1C; 5B4898 8=D>@<0A890;0@ (MN@<O, 5H8B<O, 404 2O 8918;<O, ;0<8AO I8AA8) 8AB8D04O 548;8@. C <5B>4C= BOB1838 70<0=K 0;K=0= =OB86O;O@8= 4O383;898 2O 4F7MF=;F9F 1C 8H8 95@8=O 95B8@O= HOEA8= ?5HO I07K@;KLK=40= 2O 2O@48H;O@8=4O=, 5;O6O 4O EFACA8 B5E=8:8 20A8BO;O@4O= 8AB8D04O 5B<O: 8<:0=;0@K=40= 0AK;K4K@. C <5B>4 A?8@BA87 2O A?8@B;8 8G:8;O@8=, G09K=, 3OI2O=8=, BFBF= <O<C;0BK=K= 2O 18@ G>E 3O==04K <O<C;0BK=K= :59D899OB8=8= 389<OB;O=48@8;<OA8=4O 40I0 G>E BOB183 548;8@. @30=>;5?B8:8 <5B>4C= OA0AK=K 453CAB0A890 FAC;C BOH:8; 548@ :8, 1C FAC; 40 453CAB0B>@;0@K= A5G8;<OA8=8 2O N9@O48;<OA8=8 BO;O1 548@. :A?5@B <5B>4C=40 :59D899OB MNABO@868;O@8=8= 389<OB;O=48@8;<OA8 <FBOEOAA8A-5:A?5@B;O@ 3@C?C BO@OD8=4O= 3O1C; 548;O= 3O@0@0 OA0AO= IO90B0 :5G8@8;8@. 5;O 3@C?;0@0 <FEBO;8D 8AB830<OB;O@ F7@O =O7O@8 18;89O 2O 09@K-09@K <OIAC;;0@ F7@O ?@0:B8:8 2O@48HO <0;8: >;0= <FBOEOAA8A;O@ 40E8; 548;8@;O@. @C?C= F72;O@8=4O= IO@ 18@8 IO;;54868 AOAO <0;8: >;C@. C FAC;C= 4F7MF=;F9F 5:A?5@B;O@8= :20;8D8:0A890AK=40=, >=;0@K= AO@8HBOA8=4O=, >=;0@K= >@30=87<8=8= D878>;>J8 EFACA899OB;O@8=4O=, 1C 8H8= BOH:8;8 AO2899OA8=4O= G>E 0AK;K4K@. !>A8>;>J8 <5B>4 <OIAC;C= D0:B8:8 8AB5I;0:GK;0@K=K= D8:@8 I033K=40 8=D>@<0A890;0@K= B>?;0=<0AK=0 2O 0=0;878=O OA0A;0=K@. =D>@<0A890=K= B>?;0=<0AK H8D0I8 A>@LC 20A8BOA8;O 2O 90 OI0;8 0@0AK=40 0=:5B;O@8= 909K;<0AK 8;O, IO<G8=8= :>=D@0=A;0@K=, AO@M8;O@8= 2O A. BOH:8;8 9>;C 8;O IO90B0 :5G8@8;8@. /;4O >;C=0= 8=D>@<0A890 F<C<8;OH48@8;8@ 2O @89078 FAC;;0 8H;O=8@. 4.3. /@703 <0;;0@K=K= :59D899OB8=O BOA8@ 54O= 0<8;;O@ /@703 <0;;0@K=K= :59D899OB8=O BOA8@ 54O= 0<8;;O@ 8:8 3@C?0 1N;F=F@: O@703 <0;;0@K=K= :59D899OB8=8= D>@<0;0H<0AK=0 BOA8@ 54O= 0<8;;O@ 2O :59D899OB8 3>@C9C1 A0E;090= 0<8;;O@. 8@8=68 3@C?0 =>@<0B82-B5E=8:8 AO=O4;O@8= :59D899OB8, <OIAC; 8AB5IA0;K=40 8AB8D04O >;C=0= 0;OB 2O 02040=;KLK= :59D899OB8, E0<<0; 2O 90@4K<GK <0;;0@K= :59D899OB8 2O 8AB5IA0; B5E=>;>M890AK @5J8<8=O @809OB 548;<OA8 08448@. :8=68 3@C? 0<8;;O@O <OIAC;;0@K 8AB5IA0;40= 8AB5I;0:0 G0B4K@K;0=0 3O4O@ :59D899OB8 3>@C90= 0<8;;O@ 08448@. C 0<8;;O@O <0;;0@K= <0@:0;0=<0AK, 301;0H4K@K;<0AK, 40HK=<0AK 2O A0E;0=K;<0AK 08448@. /@703 <OIAC;;0@K=K= :59D899OB8=O BOA8@ 54O= 0<8;;O@8 0H0LK40:K AE5< F7@O MNABO@<O: >;0@.  (O:8; 4.1.OIAC; :59D899OB8=8 D>@<0;0H4K@0= 2O 3>@C90= 0<8;;O@ 59D899OB8 D>@<0;0H4K@0= 0<8;;O@ N7 =N21OA8=4O >195:B82 2O AC195:B82 >;0 18;O@. 195:B82 0<8;;O@O E0<<0;, 90@K<D01@8:0B;0@, 8AB5IA0;K= B5E=8:8 AO2899OA8, <5E0=8:;OH48@8;<OA8 2O 02B><0B;0H4K@K;<0AK, <F0A8@ 8AB5IA0; B5E=>;>M890AK 2O :59D899OBO =O70@OB8= B5E=8:8 20A8BO;O@8 2O A. 08448@. 195:B82 0<8;;O@ AC195:B82 0<8;;O@O =8A1OBO= 40I0 AB018; I5A01 548;8@. !C195:B82 0<8;;O@ 8=A0= DO0;899OB8 8;O O;03O40@, >=C= N7 DC=:A890AK=K 95@8=O 95B8@<O 3018;899OB8=4O= 2O N7 8H8=O <F=0A81OB8=4O= 0AK;K4K@. 5;O 0<8;;O@4O= 8HG8;O@8= BOIA8; AO2899OA8, CAB0;K3 4O@O6OA8, 8=A0=;0@K= ?A8E>;>J8 :0<8;;898 2O O<O98= =OB86OA8=O HOEA8 <0@0LK=K 3594 5B<O: >;0@. 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OAO;O=, 1CL40 4O=8=4O= <FEBO;8D BO98=0BK >;0= C= 8AB5IA0; 5B<O: >;0@. 'N@O:G8;8: C=C, <0:0@>= C=C, 3O==04K <O<C;0BK FGF= C= 2O A. %0<<0; OA0AO= :O=4 BOAO@@FD0BK=40=, 90EC4 48MO@ BOAO@@FD0B A0IO;O@8=4O= O;4O 548;O= <OIAC;4C@. %0<<0; 4548:4O I07K@ <OIAC; (D01@8:0B) 2O 90@K<D01@8:0B 0=;09KH;0@K=K DO@3;O=48@<O: ;07K<4K@. /@703 <OIAC;;0@K 8AB5IA0;K=40 1O78 D01@8:0B;0@ 48MO@ 8AB5IA0; A0IO;O@8 FGF= 90@K<D01@8:0B @>;C=C >9=09K@. OAO;O=, BN:<O @0D8=04 3O=4 8AB5IA0;K FGF= HO:O@ B>7C (?5A>:) 90@K<D01@8:0B I5A01 548;8@, ;0:8= HO:O@ B>7C I07K@ <OIAC; :8<8 09@K;K340 3840 <O3AO4;O@8 FGF= 8AB8D04O 548;8@. /@703 <0;;0@K 8AB5IA0;K=40 8AB8D04O >;C=0= E0<<0; 2O 90@K<D01@8:0B;0@K= :59D899OB8 3F22O4O >;0= =>@<0B82-B5E=8:8 AO=O4;O@8= BO;O18=O C9LC= >;<0;K4K@. %0<<0;K=, EFACAO= 4O :O=4 BOAO@@FD0BK E0<<0;K=K= :59D899OB8=O, :O=4 BOAO@@FD0BK 5;<8=8= 8=:8H0DK=K= 2O7899OB8, BOAO@@FD0B;0@K= ;07K<8 B5E=8:0 8;O BO6I878, 8EB8A0A;0H4K@K;<KH 8HG8 3F22OA8 8;O BO<8= >;C=<0AK, MF1@O;O@4O=, 7OIO@;8 :8<9O28 <044O;O@4O= 4F7MF= 8AB8D04O >;C=<0AK, 8AB5IA0;K= 83B8A048 AO<O@O;8;898 A8AB5<8, <OIAC;C= BO40@F:F 2O A. BOA8@ 548@. C A0IO4O OA0A 0<8; :8<8 156O@8;O= :O=4 BOAO@@FD0BK 18B:8;O@8=8= A>@BC 2O 1OA;O=O= <0;-30@0=K= 68=A8 =O7O@O 0;K=<0;K4K@. 8B:8;O@8= A>@B 0848990BK OA0A BOAO@@FD0B 2O 8AB5I;0: E0AAO;O@8=8= :><?;5:A MNABO@868A848@. 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OIAC;;0@K= <FEBO;8D;898=4O= 0AK;K >;0@03 :8AO;O@8= BCBC<C 25, 40, 50, 60, 75, 80 2O 100 :3 >;C@. 8AO;O@ <OIAC;;0@K =O< GO:<O4O=, 0=10@ 7890=25@868;O@8 8;O 7O4O;O=<O4O= 2O <5E0=8:8 7O@1O4O= 3>@C90 18;<8@. 0:8= <OIAC;0 I020=K= 40E8; >;<0AK=K BO<8= 548@ 2O 0=10@ A0IOA8=4O= AO<O@O;8 8AB8D04O 5B<O9O 8<:0= 25@8@. O7O= B>EC=<0 ?0@G0 :8AO;O@8= 8GO@8A8=O O;02O A5;;>D0= :8AO 95@;OH48@8;8@. C, 8B:8;O@8= <8340@K=K 070;4K@. 0LK7 B0@0;0@ FGF= AKE;KLK 40-250 3/<2 >;0= <FEBO;8D :0LK7;0@40= 8AB8D04O >;C=C@. 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C 95H8:;O@8= IF=4F@;F9F 220-228, 5=8 253, C7C=C 380-394 << >;C@. @5A;O=<8H :0LK740= 95H8:;O@O 32 :3-0 3O4O@ <0:0@>= <O<C;0BK, 1CBC;:0;0@40 >;0= 18B:8 90L;0@K 2O 1. <OIAC;;0@ 301;0H4K@K;K@. )83@>A:>?8: <OIAC;;0@K (3C@C4C;<CH <592O-BO@O2O7;O@8, 3C@C AF4F) 301;0H4K@<03 FGF= 3ND@O;O=<8H 2O 90 1FBN2 :0@B>= 95H8:;O@4O= 8AB8D04O >;C=C@. 5H8:;O@8= 8GO@8A8=O ?>;85B8;5= ?O@4O 2O 90 F7O@8=4O ?>;85B8;5= N@BF9F >;0= :0LK7 AO@8;8@. O@: B0@0;0@ <0B5@80;K=0 MN@O B0EB0, <5B0; 2O HFHO B0@0 =N2;O@8=O 1N;F=F@. C B0@0;0@ <0;K E0@868 BOA8@;O@4O= 40I0 90EHK 3>@C9C@ 2O <OIAC;C= I5@<5B8:;898=8 (HFHO 2O <5B0;) BO<8= 548@. "0EB0 B0@0;0@0 95H8:;O@, B0103;0@ (;>B:0), GO;;O:;O@, 10@010=;0@, AO1OB;O@ 2O A. 08448@. C B0@0;0@ 9F=MF;, 4020<;K >;C1 C6C7 10H0 MO;4898=4O= 9598=B8 <OIAC;;0@K=K= 301;0H4K@K;<0AK=40 =8A1OBO= G>E 8AB8D04O >;C=C@. OIAC;C= <FEBO;8D;898=4O= 0AK;K >;0@03 B0EB0 B0@0=K= <FEBO;8D =N2F A5G8;8@. F:=0@ 2O H0< 0L06K=40= I07K@;0=<KH 95H8:;O@O 0=603 3C@C <OIAC;;0@, IO<G8=8= <592O 2O BO@O2O7;O@ 301;0H4K@K;K@. 0;K4 GO;;O:;O@O BO@:818=4O A?8@B8 >;0= (?82O, HO@01) 8G:8;O@, DKABK3 0L06K=40= GO;;O:;O@O 8AO 90@K<4C@C <OIAC;;0@ (90L, 10;) 301;0H4K@K;K@. (>@01090 3>9C;<CH <592O-BO@O2O7;O@ FGF= 8AO 3K7K;0L06 2O 0L603>203 0L06;0@K=40= I07K@;0=<KH GO;;O:;O@4O= 8AB8D04O >;C=C@. (0< 0L06K=40= I07K@;0=<KH GO;;O9O 4C@C 2O 90H <OIAC; 301;0H4K@<03 <OA;OIOB MN@F;<F@. /:A I0;40 <OIAC; 3OB@0= 404K 25@8@. !8B@CA <592O;O@8, 7O@8D OB;898 >;0= 0;<0 2O 0@<C4;0@K= 301;0H4K@K;<0AK FGF= FG 95@;8 95H8:;O@4O= (FGF=6F 95@ 95H898= >@B0AK=40 95@;OH8@) 8AB8D04O >;C=C@. )O6< GO:8A8 07 >;0= <OIAC;;0@K (G09, 3OI2O, <0:0@>=, 3O==04K 2O BFBF= <O<C;0BK) BCBC<C 10-40 :3 >;0= D0=5@ 95H8:;O@O 301;0H4K@K;K@. C@C 2O 90H <OIAC;;0@K 301;0H4K@<03 FGF= BCBC<C 15, 25, 50, 100, 120, 150, 200 2O 250 ;8B@ >;0= GO;;O:;O@ 1C@0EK;K@. )O6<O MN@O :O=0@;0H<0  EMBED Equation.3 -4O= G>E >;<0<0;K4K@. 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OI1O@54868 AO=O4;O@8= <O6<COA8. 1 I8AAO, 0:K, 7O@4N2;OBAB0=40@B, 1993. 4. /@703 BOI;F:OA87;898 A0IOA8=4O 7O@10960=K= <8;;8 A890AOB8 ?@>3@0<K. 0:K, 2000. 5. AB5I;0:GK=K= IF3C3;0@K=K= <F40D8OA8 I033K=40 7O@10960= 5A?C1;8:0AK=K= 0=C=C. 0:K, 87=5A<5=8= 1F;;5B5=8, 1996, ! 11. 6. 598=B8 <OIAC;;0@K I033K=40 7O@10960= 5A?C1;8:0AK=K= 0=C=C. 0:K, 87=5A<5=8= 1F;;5B5=8 =OH@8990B 528, 2000. 7. IAC;;0@K=(8H;O@8=, E84<OB;O@8=) A5@B8D8:0B;0H4K@K;<0AK=K= <O@IO;O;O@ F7@O BO4383 548;<OA8 I033K=40 7O@10960= 5A?C1;8:0AK 078@;O@ 018=5B8=8= 1 89C; 1993-6F 8; 343 A09;K 3O@0@K. 0:K, 7O@4N2;OBAB0=40@B, 1993. 8. !B0=40@B;0H4K@<0 I033K=40 7O@10960= 5A?C1;8:0AK=K= 0=C=C. 0:K, 87=5A<5=8= 1F;;5B5=8, 1996. !48(108). 9.C@10=>2 .)., %O;8;>20 &.., C@10=>20 .. 840 D878>;>M890AK. O@A;8:, 0:K, -O=6;8:. 2003. 248 AOI. 10./I<O4>2 /.. /@703 <0;;0@K O<BOOHF=0A;KLK. O@A;8:. 0:K, "ODO::F@, 1996, 324 AOI. 11. /I<O4>2 /.. "0<;K <0;;0@K= O<BOOHF=0A;KLK.O@A;8:, 0:K, 00@8D, 1993. 300 AOI. 12./I<O4>2 /.., /78<>2 /.., CA0952 .%. 598=B8 906;0@K, AF4 2O AF4 <OIAC;;0@?K=K= 5:A?5@B870AK. O@A;8:, 0:K. '0HK>L;C, 2002, 364 AOI. 13./I<O4>2 /.. 2O 10H30;0@K. 8B:8 <O=HO;8 O@703 <0;;0@K O<BOOHF=0A;KLK :C@AC F7@O ;01>@0B>@890 8H;O@8=8= 95@8=O 95B8@8;<OA8=O 408@ <5B>48:8 MNABO@8H;O@. 0:K, '0HK>L;C. N;<O;O@: "0EK;-C= <0;;0@K-1996, 63 AOI. 592O-BO@O2O7 <0;;0@K-1996, 54 AOI. 8H0AB0, HO:O@, 10; 2O 3O==04K <0;;0@K, 1997, 60 AOI. "0<;K <0;;0@ -1997, 70 AOI. 14./I<O4>2 /.. 2O 10H30;0@K. )5920=0B <O=HO;8 O@703 <0;;0@K O<BOOHF=0A;KLK :C@AC F7@O ;01>@0B>@890 8H;O@8=8= 95@8=O 95B8@8;<OA8=O 408@ <5B>48:8 MNABO@8H;O@. 0:K, '0HK>L;C. N;<O;O@: 598=B8 90L;0@K - 1997, 22 AOI. !F4 2O AF4 <OIAC;;0@K -1998, 58 AOI. 15.0@:A . 0?8B0;. 1-68 68;4. 16.0@:A .,=M5;A $. /AO@;O@8, 23-6F 68;4. 17.O<<O4>2 . . !5@B8D8:0B;0H4K@<0=K= OA0A;0@K. O@A 2OA08B8. 0:K, ;<, 2001. 312 AOI. 18. O<<O4>2 . . !B0=40@B;0H4K@<0=K= OA0A;0@K. ;8 <O:BO1;O@ FGF= 4O@A;8:. 0:K, ;<, 2002. 388 AOI. 19.CAB0D0952 .!., /I<O4>2 /.. /@703 <0;;0@K O<BOOHF=0A;KLK=K= =O7O@8 OA0A;0@K. O@A 2OA08B8, 0:K, 7%"-=8= =OH@8990BK, 1987. 90 AOI. 20.)OAO=>2 /.., 040H>2 !.., )OAO=>2 .., A<0=>2 ". . !B0=40@B;0H4K@<0=K= OA0A;0@K, <5B@>;>M890 2O <OIAC; :59D899OB8=8= 389<OB;O=48@8;<OA8. 1 2O 2-68 I8AAO;O@, 0:K, 1992. 160 AOI. 21.)OAO=>2 / , O;8<O<<O4>2 .., )OAO=>2 .., A<0=>2 ". . /<BOOHF=0A;KLK= =O7O@8 OA0A;0@K. 0:K, 7O@10960= N2;OB 3B8A04 #=825@A8B5B8 =OH@8990BK, 2003, 407 AOI. 22.)OAO=>2 /.!. 2O 10H30;0@K. 8>;>J8 :8<90. 5=84O= 8H;O=<8H 2O B0<0<;0=<KH 8:8=68 =OH@8. O@A;8:, 0:K, 00@8D, 1989. CA 48;;8=4O 23.070@>20 .. 8 4@. AA;54>20=85 ?@>4>2>;LAB25==KE B>20@>2. >A:20, -:>=><8:0, 1986. 24.@C=4:5 . A=>2K >1I53> B>20@>2545=8O. !>:@0I5==K9 ?5@52>4 A =5<5F:>3>. >4 @54. @>D. C;30:>20 .., >A:20, -:>=><8:0, 1967. 25.>;5A=8: .., ;870@>20 .. "5>@5B8G5A:85 >A=>2K B>20@>2545=8O ?@>4>2>;LAB25==KE B>20@>2. >A:20, -:>=><8:0, 1990, 370 AB@. 26. ><<5@G5A:>5 B>20@>2545=85 8 M:A?5@B870. >A:20, &5=B@ M:>=><8:8 8 <0@:5B8=30, 1997. 27. @0AA>2A:89 .., >20;52 .., !B@8652 !.. ">20@ 8 53> M:A?5@B870. >A:20, &5=B@ M:>=><8:8 8 <0@:5B8=30, 1998. 28.@C3;O:>2 .., @C3;O:>20 .. ">20@>2545=85 ?@>4>2>;LAB25==KE B>20@>2. >AB>2 =/>=C, 0@B, 1999, 448 AB@. 29.@K;>20 . . A=>2K AB0=40@B870F88, A5@B8D8:0F88, <5B@>;>388. >A:20, C48B, .", 1998, 479 AB@. 30. 5=8=465@ . A=>2K 18>E8<88.  3-E B. >A:20, 8@, 1985. ".1 , 365 AB@. ".2 AB@.366-731. 31.0BNE8=0 .., >@>;L:>20 -.. ">20@>2545=85 ?8I52KE ?@>4C:B>2. >A:20,  , 8740B5;LA:89 F5=B@ :045<8O, 1999 32.5B>48G5A:85 C:070=8O : <0B5<0B8G5A:>9 >1@01>B:5 @57C;LB0B>2 B>20@>254=KE 8AA;54>20=89 ?> 48AF8?;8=5 "5>@5B8G5A:85 >A=>2K B>20@>2545=8O. !>AB028B5;L .525@>2. >A:20, 740B5;LAB2> - 8<. .. ;5E0=>20, 2000, 36 AB@. 33.8:C;>28G .!. 8 4@. ">20@>2545=85 ?@>4>2>;LAB25==KE B>20@>2. 8=A:, -#, 1998. 34. 8:>;0520 .. ">20@>2545=85 ?>B@518B5;LA:8E B>20@>2. "5>@5B8G5A:85 >A=>2K. >A:20, >@<0, 1997, 283 AB@. 35. 8:>;0520 .. ">20@=0O M:A?5@B870. >A:20, 5;>20O ;8B5@0BC@0, 1998, 288 AB@. 36. 8:>;0520 .. 8 4@. 45=B8D8:0F8O 8 D0;LA8D8:0F8O ?8I52KE ?@>4C:B>2. >A:20, -:>=><8:0, 1996.(">20@=K9 A?@02>G=8:). 37.@028;> ?@>2545=8O A5@B8D8:0F88 ?8I52KE ?@>4C:B>2 8 ?@>4>2>;LAB25==>3> AK@LO. >A:20, 1996. (@.50.3.004-96 ><8B5B $ ?> AB0=40@B870F88, <5B@>;>388 8 A5@B8D8:0F88. >AAB0=40@B >AA88) 38. 09:>20 ..., >4>=:8= ... "5>@8O B>20@>2545=8O. #G51=>5 ?>A>185. >A:20, 740B5;LA:89 F5=B@ :045<8O, 0AB5@AB2>, 2002, 240 AB@. 39.!?@02>G=8: ">20@>2540 ?@>4>2>;LAB25==KE B>20@>2. ">< 1, 2. (.. =4@5AB, ..>;:8=4, .. 0@=5F:>2 8 4@.), >A:20, -:>=><8:0, 1987. 40.!B0=40@BK 4;O ?8I52KE ?@>4C:B>2. >A:20, 740B5;LAB2> @8>@, 1998. 41. %8<8G5A:89 A>AB02 ?8I52KE ?@>4C:B>2. !?@02>G=K5 B01;8FK A>45@60=8O >A=>2=KE 25I5AB2 8 M=5@35B8G5A:85 F5==>AB8 ?8I52KE ?@>4C:B>2. >4 @54. .. >:@>2A:>3>. >A:20, 8I520O ?@><KH;5==>ABL, 1977. 42.%8<8G5A:89 A>AB02 ?8I52KE ?@>4C:B>2. !?@02>G=K5 B01;8FK A>45@60=8O 0<8=>:8A;>B, 28B0<8=>2, 68@=KE :8A;>B, <8=5@0;L=KE 25I5AB2 8 C3;52>4>2. >4 @54. .$. 5AB5@8=0 8 .. !:C@8E8=0. >A:20, 8I520O ?@><KH;5==>ABL, 1979. 43.'>3>20475 (.. G5@:8 8AB>@88 =0CG=>3> B>20@>2545=8O A 4@52=59H8E 2@5<5= 4> A@548=K %% 25:0. "18;8A8, 1989. 44.(20=40@ .., 0=>2 .., C?@O:>2 .. 8 4@. !B0=40@B870F8O 8 C?@02;5=8O :0G5AB2>< ?@>4C:F88. #G51=8: 4;O 2C7>2. >4 @54. ?@>D. .. (20=40@0. >A:20, ."-0=0, 1999, 487 AB@.  &   /     " !OI. .= AN7& & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & . $OA8; 1. /@703 <0;;0@K O<BOOHF=0A;KLK=K= ?@54<5B8, <5B>4C, B0@8E8 2O 10H30 5;<;O@;O O;03OA8 & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & 1.1. /<BOOHF=0A;KLK= ?@54<5B8, <5B>4C 2O 2O78DO;O@8& & & & & & & & & 1.2. /<BOOHF=0A;K3 5;<8=8= <5940=0 MO;<OA8 2O 8=:8H0D B0@8E8& & & & & 1.2.1./<BOO 8AB5IA0;K=K= <5940=0 MO;<OA8& & & & & & & & & & & & 1.2.2./<BOOHF=0A;K3 5;<8=8= B0@8E8 <O@IO;O;O@8 I033K=40& & & & & & & & .. 1.2.3./<BOOHF=0A;K3 5;<8=8= 8=:8H0D B0@8E8 I033K=40 3KA0 <O;C<0B& & & & . 1.3. 7O@10960=40 O<BOOHF=0A;K3 5;<8=8= 8=:8H0DK& & & & & & & & & & & 1.3.17O@10960=40 O<BOOHF=0A 8EB8A0AK F7@O :04@ I07K@;KLK=K= E@>=8:0AK& & .. 1.3.2./@703 <0;;0@K O<BOOHF=0A;KLK F7@O 0?0@K6K 0;8<;O@& & & & & & & & .. 1.4. /<BOOHF=0A;KLK= 10H30 5;<;O@;O O;03OA8& & & & & & & & & & & & & & . 1.5. /A0A B5@<8=;O@ 2O <ODIC<;0@& & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & . $OA8; 2. /@703 <0;;0@K=K= :8<9O28 BO@:818 2O E0AAO;O@8& & & & & & & & & & .. 2.1. !C& & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & 2.2. 8=5@0;;K <044O;O@& & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & 2.3. 0@1>I84@0B;0@& & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & . 2.4. 8?84;O@& & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & 2.5. 7>B;C <0440O;O@& & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & . 2.5.1.F;0;;0@& & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & .. 2.5.2.<8=BC@HC;0@K=K= AO6899OA8& & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & 2.5.3.F;0;K <044O;O@8= BOA=8D0BK 2O E0AAO;O@8& & & & & & & & & & & & .. 2.5.4.C:;58= BC@HC;0@K& & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & .. 2.6. $5@<5=B;O@& & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & 2.7. 8B0<8=;O@& & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & 2.7.1.!C40 IO;; >;0= 28B0<8=;O@& & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & 2.7.2.0L40 IO;; >;0= 28B0<8=;O@& & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & . 2.7.3.8B0<8=O1O=7O@ <044O;O@& & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & 2.8. &728 BC@HC;0@& & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & 2.9. HK <044O;O@8& & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & 2.10.>90 <044O;O@8& & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & . 2.11./B8@;8 <044O;O@& & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & .. 2.12.;8:>784;O@ 2O D8B>=A84;O@& & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & . 2.13./@703 <0;;0@K=K= 3840;K;K3 4O9O@8 2O 10;0=A;0H4K@K;<KH 3840 =>@<0;0@K.. 2.14.!O<O@O;8 3840;0=<0=K= <F0A8@ ?@8=A8?;O@8& & & & & & & & & & & & & . $OA8; 3. /@703 <0;;0@K=K= D878:8 E0AAO;O@8& & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & 3.1. $>@<0.N;GF, AKE;K3 2O <OA0<O;8;8:& & & & & & & & & & & & & & & .. 3.2. /@703 <0;;0@K=K= 3C@C;CH-<5E0=8:8 E0AAO;O@8& & & & & & & & & & & . 3.3. /@703 <0;;0@K=K= 8AB8;8:-D878:8 E0AAO;O@8& & & & & & & & & & & & & & . 3.4. /@703 <0;;0@?K=K= 5;5:B@>D878:8 E0AAO;O@8& & & & & & & & & & & & 3.5. /@703 <0;;0@K=K= >?B8:8 E0AAO;O@8& & & & & & & & & & & & & & & .. 3.6. /@703 <0;;0@K=K= A>@1A8>= E0AAO;O@8& & & & & & & & & & & & & & .. $OA8; 4./@703 <0;;0@K=K= :59D899OB8, :59D899OBO =O70@OB 2O BO43830B FAC;;0@K. 4.1. /@703 <0;;0@K=K= :59D899OB8 I033K=40 0=;09KH 2O >=C= OA0A MNOB@868;O@8. 4.2. /@703 <0;;0@K=K= :59D899OB AO2899OA8=8= 389<OB;O=48@8;<OA8 FAC;;0@K& . 4.3. /@703 <0;;0@K=K= :59D899OB8=O BOA8@ 54O= 0<8;;O@& & & & & & & & & . 4.4. /@703 <0;;0@K=K= :59D899OB8=8= 389<OB;O=48@8;<OA8 2O =O70@OB FAC;;0@K. 4.4.1.@B0 =F<C=O=8= MNBF@F;<OA8 2O BO4383O I07K@;0=<0AK& & & & & & 4.4.2./@703 <0;;0@K=K= A5=A>@ MNABO@868;O@8=8= 389<OB;O=48@8;<OA8& & & & . 4.4.3./@703 <0;;0@K=K= 0;OB;O@;O BO98= >;C=0= MNABO@868;O@8& & & & & & & . 4.5. /@703 <0;;0@K=K= 7O@O@A87;8: MNABO@868;O@8& & & & & & & & & & & & & 4.6. /@703 <0;;0@K=K= 3FAC@;0@K& & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & .. $OA8; 5. /@703 <0;;0@K=K= A0E;0=K;<0AK=K= OA0A;0@K& & & & & & & & & & .. !0E;0=K;<0 70<0=K <0;;0@K= :59D899OB8=8= 3>@C=<0AK=0 BOA8@ 54O= 0<8;;O@& & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & 5.2. /@703 <0;;0@K FGF= B0@0 2O 301;0H4K@K6K <0B5@80;;0@& & & & & & & . 5.3. !0E;0=K;<0 70<0=K O@703 <0;;0@K=40 10H 25@O= ?@>A5A;O@& & & & & & . 5.3.1.$878:8 ?@>A5A;O@& & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & 5.3.2.8<9O28 ?@>A5A;O@& & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & 5.3.3.8>:8<9O28 ?@>A5A;O@& & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & .. 5.3.4.8:@>18>;>J8 ?@>A5A;O@& & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & . 5.4. /@703 <0;;0@K=K= A0E;0=K;<0AK @5J8<;O@8& & & & & & & & & & & & & .. 5.5. /@703 <0;;0@K=40 <8340@60 8B:8& & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & $OA8; 6./@703 <0;;0@K=K= :>=A5@2;OH48@8;<OA8=8= OA0A;0@K& & & & & & & & .. 6.1. >=A5@2;OH48@<O=8= D878:8 FAC;;0@K& & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & . 6.2. >=A5@2;OH48@<O=8= D878:8-:8<9O28 FAC;;0@K& & & & & & & & & & & & . 6.3. >=A5@2;OH48@<O=8= 18>:8<9O28 FAC;;0@K& & & & & & & & & & & & & . 6.4. >=A5@2;OH48@<O=8= :8<9O28 FAC;;0@K& & & & & & & & & & & & & & .. 6.5. >=A5@2;OH48@<O=8= :><18=O;OH48@8;<8H FAC;;0@K& & & & & & & & & & . $OA8; 7. /@703 <0;;0@K=K= BOA=8D0BK, AB0=40@B;0H4K@K;<0AK 2O :>4;0H4K@K;<0AK& 7.1. "OA=8D;OH48@<O=8<= ?@8=A8?;O@8 I033K=40& & & & & & & & & & & & & 7.2. /@703 <0;;0@K=K= BOA=8D0BK& & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & . 7.3. !>@B 2O G5H84 0=;09KHK& & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & .. 7.4. /@703 <0;;0@K=K= :>4;0H4K@K;<0AK& & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & .. 7.5. !B0=40@B;0H4K@<0 I033K=40 0=;09KH >=C= <O3AO48 2O 2O78DO;O@8& & & & 7.6. !B0=40@B;0@K= :0B53>@890;0@K 2O =N2;O@8& & & & & & & & & & & & & . 7.7. !B0=40@B;0H4K@<0 A0IOA8=4O 59=O;E0;3 O<O:40H;K3& & & & & & & & & @54<5B-O;8D10 MNABO@868A8& & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & AB8D04O 548<8H 2O BN2A89O >;C=0= O4O18990B;0@K= A890IKAK& & & & & & !.  #!  %++  ,# /   + /"//(&!+,++ //  /!! +  /"//  &'& / ! ;<8 @540:B>@C: @>D. /I<O4>2 /I<O4-018@ A<09K; >L;C /<O:40@ <FO;;8< OH@8990BK= 48@5:B>@C ../;8952 OB1OO=8= 48@5:B>@C !..CAB0D0952 ><?FB5@ BO@B810BGKAK !0<8@ /I<O4>2 KLK;<0L0 25@8;81 03.04.2005. '0?0 8<70;0=K1 10.10.2005 $>@<0BK 60 E 84 1/16. $.G.2. 23,0. DA5B :0LK7K !8D0@8H ! 436 !09K 500 =FAEO. 89<OB8 <F3028;O 8;O __________________________________________________________________ '0HK>L;C <OB1OOA8 0:K, .FHD83 :FG., 20.  ;><CA  5:AB@5<0;, AB@5AA 2O 90 A04O6O EOABO;8: I0;K=40 30=K= IO@O:OB8=8 =870<0 A0;0= 0?0@0B4K@.  04  IO@ I0=AK 8>=;0H4K@K6K HF0;0=<0 70<0=K C4C;0= 2O I0<K BO@OD8=4O= 3O1C; 548;<8H 4>704K@.  @04  1000 @040 1O@01O@48@.  @04  1000000 @040 1O@01O@48@.  !B0=40@B;0H4K@<0 I033K=40:K AC0;;0@ ?@>D. . .O<<O4>2C= !B0=40@B;0H4K@<0=K= OA0A;0@K 4O@A;898 (0:K - 2002) OA0AK=40 907K;<KH4K@.     PAGE  PAGE 350 PAGE  PAGE 350 PAGE  PAGE 351 + + ____ 12)2211 )) 6)126 6)126 A0E0@>70 AC 8=25@B HO:O@8 + 22 2)2 22 )3) 2)2)) 22 32 4)2 + + + )3) + )34 + 2 )2()23) ))  ) + 2 )2()23)))  )+)22 )2()23)))  ) + )2 )2()23))) ) + )2 3)63 + )34   ) )) )) ;4>70 )2) ))   5B>70  EMBED Equation.3  - 3;F:>?8@0=>70 )2)   ) ) )   ) )  ) )  ) )  EMBED Equation.3  - D@C:B>?8@0=>70 )   ) ) )   ) )  ) )  ) )2)  )2)  ) )2) )   ) )  ) )  ) )    )2) )  ) )  )  ) !0E0@>70 312)2211 36)5025 + 8)2 A0E0@>70 :0@0<5;5= AC 12)2211 + )2 6)126 + 6)126 A0E0@>70 =25@B HO:O@ )----------- 2    )2----------- 3 )2----------- 1 + )2 0;0=8= -2) +2) + )3) )3 )3))2) 8@>F7F< BC@HCAC )2 )3 )3 )-)-) )2 )3 )3 )-)2-)-) )2 )52 )3 )-)-) )2 )3--)--)--) ) )2 )3-!-)2 --)2--)--) -------) ) ) ) ) )  ) ) )2 ) )2--)2--)2--)2--)--) )2 )2 ) ) ) ) )  ---)2---)--) ) ) )2 )    ) )    ) )    ) )   )2)  )    ) )    ) )2) )   )2  5)105  5)104 !   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