ࡱ> $   I ~~~{%`ԡbjbjNN:,,,1%  x0x0x0nQD8Rf|V"D#"f#f#f#?@<@ yyyyyyy$~hI<yx0Zqy=\?ZqZqy**f#f#{:::Zqο*f#x0f#y:Zqy::.x0<f#J" 2T(1>4{0o.<x0<4@ uM :uV4]@@@yy(@@@|ZqZqZqZqd0D jQ* > ****  -C.0.HMDOV  D V 0 Y Y  L  R V  T A M L I Q A T M A L A R HMD-CAB0R 0SMAYIL OLU HMDOV  D V 0 Y Y  L  R V  T A M L I Q A T M A L A R (Monoqrafiya) B a k 1  2 0 0 9 sYrY rYy verYnlYr: AzYrbaycan DvlYt 0qtisad Universiteti  Sd, Yt bY bal1q mYhsullar1n1n texnologiyas1 k0D54@0AK=K= <F48@8, b.5.d.,prof. R.A.L0YEV 7O@10960= >>?5@0A890 #=825@A8B5B8 /<BOOHF=0A;K3 2O 5:A?5@B870 k0D54@0AK=K= <F48@8, b.5.n., dos. A.H.XL0LOV AzYrbaycan DvlYt 0qtisad Universiteti  Qida mYhsullar1n1n texnologiyas1 k0D54@0AK=K= <F48@8, t.5.n., dos.. N.H.QURBANOV .0.hmYdov. dviyyYlYr vY taml1 qatmalar. Monoqrafiya. Bak1, GYnclik, 2009. 320 sYh. Kitabda vYtYnimizdY yeti_Yn vY xarici lkYlYrdYn gYtirilYn YdviyYlYrin mxtYlif e_idi, YdviyyY qar1_1qlar1n1n tYrkibi vY haz1rlanmas1 qaydaldr1, taml1 qatmalar1n e_idi, onlar1n tYyinat1 vY istehsal1 sullar1, hYminin YdviyyYlYrin vY taml1 qatmalar1n saxlan1lmas1 sullar1 vY saxlan1lma dvrndY tYrkiblYrindY ba_ verYn proseslYr geni_ vY dYqiq mYlumatlar Ysasinda yaz1lml_d1r. dviyyYlYrdYn zYfYran vY dYfnY yarpa1 Respublnkam1zda becYrildiyindYn daha Ytrafl1 yrYnilmi_ vY elmi-praktiki YhYmiyyYti olan tYdqiqatlar1n nYticYlYri _Yrh edilmi_dir. Kitabda verilmi_ nYzYri mYlumatlar1n vY mYllifin uzun illYr apard11 tYdqiqat i_lYrinin nYticYlYrinin elmi-nYzYri vY praktiki YhYmiyYti vard1r. Kitab YmtYY_nasl1q vY qida mYhsullar1n1n texnologiyas1 ixtisaslar1 zrY elmi i_ aparan vY elYcY dY qida mYhsullar1n1n istehsal1 ilY mY_ul olan mtYxYssislYr, bu sahYdY tYhsil alan tYlYbY, magistr vY aspirantlar, hYtta evdar qad1nlar n dYyYrli vY ensiklopedik xarakterli tYdris vYsaitid1r. Kitab geni_ oxucu ktlYsi n nYzYrdY tutulmu_dur. 0000000000 _______________ qrifli nY_r   0000(00)2009 hmYd-Cabir, 2009 M  L L 0 F D  N 7O@109c0= 5A?C1;8:0AK OB8@;8 O42899O 18B:8;O@8=8= 15cO@8;4898 A0IO9O 2O >=;0@K= <FEBO;8D;898=O MN@O EFACA8 95@ BCBC@. 5A?C1;8:0<K7K= O@078A8=4O 170-4O= G>E OB8@;8 O42899O 18B:8A8 95B8H8@. C=;0@K= G>EC 9010=K I0;40 18B8@, 18@ =5GOA8 8AO AO=095 OIO<899OB8=O <0;8: >;4CLC=40= EFACA8 BOAO@@FD0B;0@40 15cO@8;8@. !O=095 OIO<899OB;8 OB8@;8 O42899O 18B:8;O@8=4O= 7ODO@0=, 3K7K;MF;, =Oc81 4OD=O, =0=O 2O 10H30;0@K=K MNABO@<O: >;0@. C=;0@40= 10H30 OB8@;8 O42899O 18B:8;O@8=4O= 1O4@O=c, 1>9<04O@O=, 30@03K=K3, 3K@<K7K 8AB8>B, 3KBK3>BC, 40L =0=OA8, OB8@H0I, 78@O, 90@?K7, :5H=8H B>EC<C, :O:;8:>BC, :O@O287, <O@7O, ?O@?O@O=, @0790=0, @59I0=, @>7<0@8=, A0@K<A03, A>L0=, BO@EC=, E0@40;, 30@0 E0H-E0H, GN4F:>BC, cODO@8, cK@I>2Cc, c8@O, cN:O, H0;L0<, HF9F4 2O 10H30;0@K <FEBO;8D AO=095 A0IO;O@8=4O, :C;8=0@89040 2O BO101OB4O M5=8H <8390A40 8AB8D04O >;C=C@. Respublikaya xarici lkYlYrdYn dY mxtYlif e_iddY Ydviyyat gYtirilir. TarixYn ipYk yolu hYlY qYdimdYn AzYrbaycan YrazisindYn kediyi n ^Yrq lkYlYrindYn QYrbi Avropaya gedYn mal karvanlar1 bu YrazidYn kemi_ vY _bhYsiz ki, tacirlYr tYrYfindYn mbadilY vY sat1_ n apar1lan bir ox YdviyyYlYr, o cmlYdYn qara vY Ytirli istiot, muskat cvz, hil, mixYk, dar1n, zYncYfil, sar1kk vY ba_qa YdviyYlYr azYrbaycanl1lar1n mYi_YtinY daxil olmu_dur. Tropik lkYlYrdY 100-dYn ox Ytirli-YdviyyY bitkisindYn YdviyyY al1n1r, lakin bunlarn 10-12 e_idi respublikaya gYtirilir. 1969-1972-ci illYrdY mYllif  AzYrbaycanda becYrilYn zYfYran1n YmtYYlik xassYlYrinin yrYnilmYs1 mvzusunda namizYdlik dissertasiyas1 zYrindY i_lYmi_, 26 yanvar 1973-c ildY mvYffYqiyyYtlY mdafiY edYrYk 23 mart 1973-c ildY SSR0 AAK tYrYfindYn texnika elmlYri namizYdi alimlik dYrYcYsi diplomuna layiq grlm_dr. Bundan sonra mYllif 1973-1980-c1 illYrdY AzYrbaycanda becYrilYn vY yaban1 halda yeti_Yn Ytirli-YdviyyYli bitkilYri vY onlardan sYmYrYli istifadY olunmas1 mYsYlYlYrinin yrYnilmYsi ilY mY_ul olmu_dur. Eyni zamanda mYllifi xaricdYn baha qiymYtY al1nan YdviyyYlYrin YvYzedicilYrinin haz1rlanmas1 problemi dY d_ndrrd. Sonralar mYllif oz elmi-tYdqiqatlar1na taml1 qatmalar zrY apar1lan i_lYri dY YlavY etmi_dir. AzYrbaycan kulinariyas1nda istifadY olunan, elYcY dY AzYrbaycanin bitki xammallar1ndan al1nan mxtYlif tYrkibli taml1 qatmalar haqq1nda elmi-praktiki YhYmiyyYti olan tYdqiqatlar apar1lm1_, al1nan nYticYlYr mYhdud hYcmdY nY_r olunan monoqrafiyalarda vY dYrsliklYrdY z Yksini tapm1_d1r. BelY tYdqiqatlar1n miqyas1 vY hYcmi o qYdYr artm1_d1r ki, ayr1ca kitab1n-monoqrafiyan1n yaz1lmas1 zYrurYti meydana gYlmi_dir. Odur ki, monoqrafiyada hYm vYtYnimizdY becYrilYn vY yabah1 halda yeti_Yn Ytirli YdviyyY bitkilYri, vY hYm dY xaricdYn al1nan YdviyyYlYr haqq1nda maraql1 mYlumatlar toplanm1_d1r. Ayr1ca fYsildY YdviyyY qar1_1qlar1, onlar1n haz1rlanmas1, e_idi, tYyinat1 vY YmtYYlik gstYricilYri hsqq1nda geni_ vY maraql1 mYlumatlar toplanm1_d1r. Qidan1n dad vY tam1n1n vY keyfiyyYtinin yax_1la_d1r1lmas1nda, elYcY dY yeyilYn qidan1n insan orqanizmindY tam mYnimsYnilmYsindY taml1 qatmalar1n mhm fizioloji YhYmiyyYti vard1r. Monoqrafiyan1n bir blmYsi bitki mYn_Yli xammallardan al1nan taml1 qatmalar1n YmtYYlik xassYlYrinin yrYnilmYsinY hYsr edilmi_dir. AzYrbaycan kulinariyas1nda istifadY olunan spesifik taml1 qatmalar tYrYfimizdYn ilk dYfY hYrtYrYfli yrYnilmi_ vY onlar1n e_idinin art1r1lmas1 sahYsindY sYmYrYli elmi-tYdqiqat i_lYri apar1lm1_d1r. vYzolunmaz taml1 qatma olan xrYk duzunun nvlYri, ticarYt sortlar1 vY keyfiyyYt gstYricilYri yrYnilmi_, Ap_eronun _oran duzundan yksYk keyfiyyYtli yodla_d1r1lm1_ xrYk duzunun istehsal1 elmi cYhYtdYn Ysasland1r1lml_d1r. Monoqrafiya qida mYhsullar1n1n istehsal1, sat1_1, Ytirli-YdviyyYli bitkilYrini(YdviyyYlYri) mxtYlif yeyinti mYhsullar1 istehsal1nda tYdbiq edYn praktiki mtYxYssislYr, mvafiq ixtisaslar zrY tYdrislY mY_ul olan ali mYktYb vY kolec mYllimlYri, elmi i_cilYr, magistr vY tYlYbYlYr vY hYtta evdar qad1nlar n maraql1 ensiklopedik mYlumat kitab1 olacaqd1r. # GIRI^ Mvzunun 0:BC0;;KLK. N2;OB8= 30@HKAK=40 4C@0= OA0A <OAO;O;O@4O= 18@8 OI0;8=8 AO<O@O;8 3840 =>@<0;0@K=0 C9LC= >;0@03 3840 <OIAC;;0@K 8;O BO<8= 5B<O:4O= 810@OB48@.AzYrbaycan Respublikas1 Prezidentinin 2001-ci il 2 mart tarixli 640 sayl1 sYrYncam1 ilY tYsdiq edilmi_  AzYrbaycan Respublikas1n1n Yrzaq tYhlkYsizliyi Proqram1 nda nYzYrdY tutulan tYdbirlYrin hYyata keirilmYsi lkYdY Yrzaq tYminat1 ilY bal1 i_lYrin daha sYmYrYli apar1lmas1na imkan vermi_dir. 5A?C1;8:0m1zK= BO188 83;8< HO@08B8 N;:O<874O 18B:8 <O=HO;8 1FBF= 3840 <OIAC;;0@K=K= 8AB5IA0;K=1n geni_lYndirilmYsini 2O >=;0@40= AO<O@O;8 8AB8D04O >;C=<0AKna imkan verir. 5A?C1;8:0 B0EK;, HO:O@, 18B:8 90LK 2O 48MO@ bitki <O=HO;8 <OIAC;;0@ F7@O N7 5IB8906K=K N4O<O4898 I0;40, 48MO@ <OIAC;;0@K= 8AB5IA0;K, > 6F<;O4O= F7F<, <592O-M8;O<592O, BO@O2O7 BOIAC;;0@K F7@O IO;O :5G<8H !!  4N2@F=4O 301036K; 95@;O@4O= 18@8=8 BCBC@4C. 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C 30@KHKLK OB-10;K3 H>@10;0@K=0, 9C<C@B040= I07K@;0=0= EN@O:;O@O 2O ?5=48@O O;02O 5B<O: >;0@. 8H<8H >2 3CH;0@K=0 2O 10;KL0 E>H0MO;O= 404 2O OB8@ 25@8@. 0@@8 O;02O 548;<8H EN@O:;O@ 8=A0=40 ACAC7;C3 90@0B<K@. )8=4 304K=;0@K I07K@ :0@@8 8AB8D04O 5B<8@, IO@ :OA N7 7N23F=O 2O EN@O98= <FEBO;8D;898=O MN@O G>E 4O383 I8AA8990B;0 EFACA8 O42899O 30@KHKLK I07K@;09K@. 0@@8 O42899O 30@KHKLK G>E OB8@;8, 404K BF=4 90=4K@K6K4K@. %N@O:;O@O G>E 07 <8340@40 2O 4O383;8:;O O;02O 548;<O;848@. 0@@8 O;02O 548;<8H EN@O9O 18@ 3O4O@ ;8<>= H8@OA8 30B4K340 EN@O98= 404K 90EHK;0HK@. 0@@8 30@KHKLK <FEBO;8D BO@:814O 2O =8A1OB4O I07K@;0=K@. (O@38 2@>?0 :0@@8 30@KHKLK, OA0AO= :>1C4 2O :OA:8= >;C1, 0H0LK40:K BO@:814O I07K@;0=K@ 2O OA0AO= :>=A5@2 AO=095A8=4O 8AB8D04O >;C=C@ (02@>2 .. - 1995). /A0A :><?>=5=B;O@: 6O<8 90% 3K@<K7K 8AB8>B  45% :5H=8H B>EC<C  22% A0@K:N:  18% D5=C3@5:  5% /;02O :><?>=5=B;O@: 6O<8 10% <8EO:  5% 0L 8AB8>B 2O 90 I8;  3% <CA:0B 6N2F7F  2% O@18 2@>?0 :0@@8 30@KHKLK, OA0AO= A04O 2O 7O8D >;C1, 0H0LK40:K BO@:814O I07K@;0=K@. 598=B8 AO=095A8=4O 2O 52 HO@08B8=4O 8AB8D04O >;C=C@ (02@>2 .. - 1995). /A0A :><?>=5=B;O@: 6O<8 65% A0@K:N:  30% :5H=8H B>EC<C  20% D5=C3@5:  10% :095= 8AB8>BC 2O 90 3K@<K7K 8AB8>B  5% /;02O :><?>=5=B;O@: 6O<8 35% 7O=6OD8;  20% 30@0 8AB8>B  5% 40@GK=  5% <8EO:  5% 0@@8 O42899O 30@KHKLK=K= BO@:818 O@18 )8=48AB0=40, O@18 0:8AB0=40 2O O@:O78 HO@3 N;:O;O@8=4O OA0A :><?>=5=B;O@O <FEBO;8D OB8@;8 O42899O 18B:8;O@8 30BK;<03;0 4O98H8;8@. C=;0@K= BO@:818=4O 78@O, 40@GK=, 7O=6OD8;, 30@0 8AB8>B, <8EO:, I8;, <CA:0B G8GO98, 90<09:0 8AB8>BC, A0@K<A03 B>7C, OB8@;8 :C@:C<0 2O A. >;C@. O=C18 A890 N;:O;O@8=4O BO@:816O 40I0 7O=M8= >;0= 2O <F@O::O1 BO@:81O <0;8: B0< :0@@8 O42899O 30@KHKLK 8AB8D04O >;C=C@.C@040 4 OA0A :><?>=5=B4O= O;02O 78@O, 7O=6OD8;, 30@0 8AB8>B, 0A0D5B840, <8EO:, I8;, 40@GK=, <CA:0B G8GO98, A0@K<A03 B>7C, 90<09:0 8AB8>BC, 0L 8AB8>B, @59I0=, :0;30=, =0=O, @0790=0 2O A. 8AB8D04O >;C=C@. )8=48AB0=40 2O (@8-0=:040 :0@@8 30@KHKLK=40= 10H30 5.1. sayl1 sYdYldYki BO@:814O I8=4 O42899O 30@KHK3;0@K=40= 40 M5=8H 8AB8D04O >;C=C@ (02@>2 .. - 1995). . CYdvYl 5.1. )8=4 O42899O 30@KHKLK=K= BO@:818 O42899O;O@ /42899O 30@KHK3;0@K=K= BO@:818, D087;O90@K<90=4K@0==>@<0; OB8@;87O8D90=4K@0=0<09:0 8AB8>BC545'8= 40@GK=K7858EO: -255H=8H B>EC<C4042358@O 54-J3>= 353535K@<K7K 8AB8>B54-)8; 31-O=6OD8; --100@0 8AB8>B--5 "09;0=4, ><1>60, 8@<0, 0>A, O=C18 95B=0<40 O= G>E 80< O42899O 30@KHKLK=40= 8AB8D04O 548;8@ (02@>2 .. - 1995). /A0A O42899O;O@8= IO@ 18@8=4O= 59=8 <8340@40 MNBF@F;F@ (<OAO;O=, 1 G09 30HKLK 4N9F;<FH O42899O B>7C). A0@K<A03 B>7C  1 I8AAO @0790=0  1 I8AAO 68@O  1 I8AAO 10490= (I8=4 @0790=0AK)  1 I8AAO A0@K:N: (:C@:C<0)  1 I8AAO <CA:0B G8GO98  1 I8AAO 30@0 8AB8>B  1 I8AAO 3K@<K7K 8AB8>B  2 I8AAO 6ODO@8 (B>EC<C 2O 90 3C@C4C;<CH 90@?0LK)  0,5 I8AAO I8;  0,5 I8AAO '8=4O 8AB8D04O >;C=0= #A90=<90= O42899O 30@KHKLK 3OB899O= :OA:8= 4040 <0;8: >;<C@ 2O 2 6F@ I07K@;0=K@. (8@8= CA90=<90= 30@KHKLK=K= BO@:818 0H0LK40:K :8<848@: HF9F4 B>EC<C 2O 90 90@?03;0@K  1 I8AAO (2O 90 1 G09 30HKLK) 10490=  1 I8AAO <8EO:  1 I8AAO 40@GK=  2 I8AAO A>;>4:0 (OB8@;8 18B:8)  1 I8AAO "F=4 CA90=<90= O42899O 30@KHKLK=K= BO@:818 15;O48@: 90?>= 8AB8>BC  1 I8AAO 10490=  1 I8AAO <8EO:  1 I8AAO 40@GK=  1 I8AAO 7O=6OD8;  1 I8AAO %0@864O 8AB8D04O >;C=0= O42899O 30@KHK3;0@K=K= A09K 2O BO@:818 G>E <FEBO;8D48@. %0@868 N;:O;O@4O, EFACAO= 4O (O@38 A890 N;:O;O@8=4O, O=C18 <5@8:040 8AB8D04O >;C=0= 100-4O= G>E O42899O;O@8= 90;=K7 12-8 N;:O<87O MOB8@8;8@. 5A?C1;8:0<K7K= O@078A8=4O 4O OB8@;8 O42899O 18B:8;O@8 95B8H8@. 4C@ :8, 95@;8 OB8@;8 O42899O 18B:8;O@8=4O= 8AB8D04O 5B<O:;O <FEBO;8D O42899O 30@KHK3;0@K I07K@;0<03 <F<:F=4F@. 5GO= OA@8= 70-80-68 8;;O@8=4O AO=095 FAC;C 8;O, OA0AO= 0H0LK40:K O42899O 30@KHK3;0@K 1C@0EK;K@4K (/I<O4>2 /.. - 1998). 52 HO@08B8=4O BO@O2O7;O@8 :>=A5@2;OH48@<O: FGF=; 10;K3 EN@O98 FGF=; ?@90=8: 2O <090;K EO<8@ FGF= :>=A5@2;OH48@8;<8H O42899O;8 MN9O@B8; 4N9F;<FH 40@GK= HO:O@ B>7C 8;O; HO:O@;8 20=8;; :>;10A0 <O<C;0BK FGF= (AO=0954O 8H;OB<O: FGF=) O42899O 30@KHK3;0@K. CYdvYl 5.2. 2 HO@08B8=4O BO@O2O7;O@8 :>=A5@2;OH48@<O: FGF= O42899O 30@KHKLK, D087;O /42899O;O@8= a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dvYl 5.3. @90=8: 2O <090;K EO<8@ FGF= O42899O 30@KHKLK=K= (3C@C OB8@;8) @5A5?B8 /42899O;O@8= a4K0@KHK3 ! 10@KHK3 ! 23@0<;0'09 30HKLK 8;O3@0<;0'09 30HKLK 8;O0@GK= 405303,58EO: 121,551/B8@;8 8AB8>B121,551CA:0B 6N2F7F121,5101,5)8; 40,5101,50490= 8150,55H=8H B>EC<C--354O=6OD8; 81--0@0 8AB8>B40,5-- CYdvYl 5.4.5=8 O42899O 30@KHK3;0@K=K= @5A5?B8, D087;O /42899O=8= 04K/B :>B;5B8 FGF= O42899O 30@KHKLK/B EN@O:;O@8 (@03C, :0101, 15DAB@>3>=>2) FGF= O42899O 30@KHKLK0;K3 EN@O:;O@8 (18H8@8;<8H, 3K70@4K;<KH 2O 389<O) FGF= O42899O 30@KHKLK"O@O2O7 EN@O:;O@8 (BO@O2O7 @03CAC, ?N@BF;<FH :O;O<) FGF= O42899O 30@KHKLK0@0 8AB8>B60,040,020,040,0/B8@;8 8AB8>B10,020,020,020,00@GK= -10,010,010,08EO: ---15,05H=8H B>EC<C10,010,020,0-O=6OD8; 10,0---)8; 10,010,010,0-0490= 2O 90 68@O--10,0-8@O --10,0-OD=O 90@?0LK-10,0-15,0 5.3. 7O@10960= :C;8=0@890AK=40 8AB8D04O >;C=0= O42899O 30@KHK3;0@K=K= G5H848 7O@10960=K= 83B8A048-6>L@0D8 2O BO188 HO@08B8 IO;O 3O48<4O= 1C@040 90H090= E0;3;0@K= OB8@;8 O42899O;8 18B:8;O@4O= 8AB8D04O 5B<O;O@8=O 8<:0= 90@0B<KH4K@. /22O;0, 7O@10960= O@078A8=4O <FEBO;8D OB8@;8 O42899O;8 18B:8;O@IO< 9010=K I0;40 95B8H8@ 2O IO< 4O 0@BK3 8@8 BOAO@@FD0B;0@40 156O@8;8@. :8=68A8, 3O48< 4N2@;O@4O= '8= 2O )8=48AB0=40= 8?O: 9>;C 20A8BOA8;O 2@>?090 0?0@K;0= B860@OB <0;;0@K 0@0AK=40 <FEBO;8D O42899O;O@ 4O >;<CH4C@. ?O: 9>;C=C= 7O@10960= O@078A8=4O= :5G<OA8 HF1IOA87 :8, IO<8= O42899O;O@8= 7O@10960=40 40 48MO@ <0;;0@;0 <F1048;O 548;<OA8=O 2O 8AB8D04O >;C=<0AK=0 HO@08B 90@0B<KH4K@. 5;O O42899O;O@O 30@0 8AB8>B, 40@GK=, 7O=6OD8;, I8;, 7ODO@0=, <CA:0B 6N2F7F, <8EO:, A0@K:N: 2O 48MO@;O@8 08448@. ABO@ <8;;8 :C;8=0@89040, 8ABO@AO 4O H8@=8990B <O<C;0B;0@K=K= I07K@;0=<0AK=40 1C O42899O;O@4O= M5=-1>; 8AB8D04O 548;<8H48@. O8HOB4O OB8@;8 O42899O;8 MN9O@B8;O@4O= 6ODO@8, :O@O287, 40L :5H=8H8, =0=O, @59I0=, :O:;8:>BC, HF9F4, :5H=8H 2O A. 1C :8<8 OB8@;8 BO@O2O7;O@4O= 8AB8D04O >;C=C@. 8;;8 GN@O: 2O 3O==04K <O<C;0BK 8AB5IA0;K=40 :5H=8H B>EC<C, 68@O, 78@O, 7ODO@0=, @0790=0, E0H-E0H 2O 48MO@ 2OBO= O42899O;O@8 8H;O48;8@. 0:8= BOOAAFD;O 3594 >;C=<0;K4K@ :8, 7O@10960= :C;8=0@890AK=40 2O H8@=8990B <O<C;0B;0@K=K= I07K@;0=<0AK=40 8AB8D04O >;C=0= O42899O 30@KHK3;0@K I033K=40 A>= 8;;O@O 3O4O@ I5G 18@ <O;C<0B 9>E 848. /I0;8 BO@OD8=4O= )8=48AB0= 2O @0=40= MOB8@8;O= 1O78 O42899O 30@KHK3;0@K=40= (<OAO;O=, :0@@8 O42899O 30@KHKLK) 8AB8D04O >;C=<0AK=0 10E<090@03, 48MO@ O42899O 30@KHK3;0@K >;<0<KH4K@. C A0IO4O A>= 8;;O@ /../I<O4>2C= (1991-1998) 0?0@4KLK BO43830B 8H;O@8=4O O42899O 30@KHK3;0@K, >=;0@K= 8AB8D04O >;C=<0AK 2O BO98=0BK I033K=40 ;07K<8 <O;C<0B;0@0 @0AB MO;8@8:. /../I<O4>2C= (1998) 0?0@4KLK BO43830B 2O ?@0:B8:8 8H;O@8= =OB86OA8=4O >, 7O@10960= :C;8=0@890AK=K= <FEBO;8D EN@O:;O@8 2O H8@=8990B <O<C;0B;0@K FGF= 8 G5H844O <FEBO;8D BO@:814O O42899O 30@KHK3;0@K I07K@;0<KH4K@. /42899O 30@KHK3;0@K=40 E0@864O= 0;K=0= O42899O;O@;O 90=0HK @5A?C1;8:0<K740 95B8HO= 2O 156O@8;O= OB8@;8 O42899O;8 18B:8;O@4O= 4O M5=8H 8AB8D04O 548;<8H48@. )07K@;0=<KH O42899O 30@KHK3;0@K=K= BO@:818=O BO98=0BK=40= 0AK;K >;0@03 <FEBO;8D =8A1OB;O@4O 0H0LK40:K O42899O;O@ O;02O 548;<8H48@. 1. 090;K EO<8@4O= <O<C;0B FGF=  :5H=8H B>EC<C  2 I8AAO, 40@GK=  1 I8AAO, OB8@;8 8AB8>B  0,5 I8AAO (3C@C4C;<CH @59I0=;0 O2O7 5B<O: >;0@), <CA:0B 6N2F7F  1 I8AAO, I8;  0,5 I8AAO, 10490=  0,5 I8AAO(6@O 8;O O2O7 5B<O: >;0@), 7O=6OD8;  0,5 I8AAO, A0@K:N:  1 I8AAO, 7ODO@0=  0,05 I8AAO. 2. !>40;K-E0<0;K EO<8@4O= <O<C;0B FGF=  :5H=8H B>EC<C  2 I8AAO, F9F4F;<FH =0@K=M8 301KLK  2 I8AAO, I8;  0,5 I8AAO, <CA:0B 6N2F7F  1 I8AAO, <8EO:  0,5 I8AAO. 3. (>@3>L0;K FGF=  @0790=0  3, 78@O  1, 68@O  1, :5H=8H B>EC<C  2, <CA:0B 6N2F7F  0,5, A0@K:N:  2, 40@GK=  0,5, 30@0 8AB8>B  0,2, 4C7  5 I8AAO. 4. C9<03 EN@O98 FGF=  40@GK=  1, 7O=6OD8;  0,5, :5H=8H B>EC<C  1, A0@K:N:  0,5, I8;  0,5 I8AAO. 5. "O@ I0;20 FGF=  A0@K:N:  1, :5H=8H B>EC<C  2, 40@GK=  1, I8;  0,5, 7ODO@0=  0,1 I8AAO. 6. C@C EO<8@ EN@O:;O@8 FGF=  30@0 8AB8>B  1 (3C@C4C;<CH @59I0=;0 O2O7 5B<O: >;0@), :5H=8H B>EC<C  2, A0@K:N:  1, 3C@C4C;<CH =0=O  3, 3C@C4C;<CH HF9F4  2, A0@K<A03 B>7C  3, =0B@8C<-3;FB><0B  2 I8AAO. 7. /B EN@O:;O@8 FGF=  30@0 8AB8>B  2, OB8@;8 8AB8>B  1 (IO@ 8:8 8AB8>B 3C@C4C;<CH @59I0=;0 O2O7 >;C=0 18;O@), :5H=8H B>EC<C  1, 40@GK=  1, 78@O  0,5, 4OD=O 90@?0LK  1, =0@K=M8 301KLK  1, A0@K:N:  1, 3C@C4C;<CH 6ODO@8  1, 3C@C4C;<CH HF9F4  1 I8AAO. 8. 7O@10960=A090LK 1>@H EN@O98 FGF=  30@0 8AB8>B  1, 3K@<K7K 8AB8>B  1, E0@40; B>7C  2, :5H=8H B>EC<C  1, A0@K:N:  1, 4OD=O 90@?0LK  1, 3C@C4C;<CH 6ODO@8  1, :O@O287  1, HF9F4  1, A0@K<A03 B>7C  2, =0B@8C<-3;FB><0B  2 I8AAO. /42899O 30@KHK3;0@K=K I07K@;0<03 FGF= >=;0@ 3C@C4C;C@, 3OI2O F9F4O= <0HK=40 2O 90 IO2O=M4OABO4O F9F4F;F@, @5A5?BO <F20D83 >;0@03 I8AAO-I8AAO N;GF;F1 (<OAO;O=, G09 30HKLK) 30@KH4K@K;K@ 2O 0L7K <NI:O< 10L;0=0= BF=4 @O=M;8 HFHO 10=:0;0@0 301;0H4K@K;K@. !0E;0=K;<0 HO@08B8 2O <F44OB8 O42899O;O@4O >;4CLC :8<848@. /42899O 30@KHK3;0@K=K EN@O9O I07K@ >;4C340= A>=@0 2O 90 I07K@ >;<0L0 2-3 4O3 30;<KH 30B<03 ;07K<4K@ :8, >=;0@K= BO@:818=4O:8 5D8@ 90L;0@K CG<0AK=. 5.4. FEBO;8D O@703 <OIAC;;0@K FGF= 95=8 O42899O 30@KHK3;0@K=K= I07K@;0=<0AK /42899O 30@KHK3;0@K=K= I07K@;0=<0AK FGF= OA0AO= 2OBO=8<874O 95B8HO= OB8@;8 O42899O;8 18B:8;O@4O= 8AB8D04O 548;<8H48@. !N7 9>E4C@ :8, E0@864O= MOB8@8;O= 1O78 O42899O;O@8= BO@:818 2O I07K@;0=0= 3840 <OIAC;;0@K=0 25@4898 OB8@ 2O 404 O2O7548;<O748@. =0 MN@O 4O O42899O 30@KHK3;0@K=40 2OBO= O42899O;O@8 8;O 90=0HK E0@864O= 0;K=0= O42899O;O@4O= 4O 8AB8D04O 548;<8H48@. "O@O2O7;O@8= :>=A5@2;OH48@8;<OA8 2O A8@:O9O 3>9C;<0AK FGF= 8AB8D04O >;C=0603 O42899O 30@KHK3;0@K 0H0LK40:K :8<8 <OA;OIOB MN@F;F@. %890@ 2O ?><84>@C :>=A5@2;OH48@<O: FGF= 0H0LK40:K =8A1OB4O O42899O4O= 2O OB8@;8 O42899O;8 MN9O@B8;O@4O= 30BKHK3 4F7O;48;8@ (1 ;-;8: 10=:090 3-;0): 3KBK3>BC 90@?0LK  5, :O@O287 90@?0LK  6, =0=O 90@?0LK  1, HF9F4  10, MN9O@B8: 6ODO@8  3, BO@EC=  3, 0;10;K 90@?0LK  4. 9=8 70<0=40IO@ 10=:090 10-15 O4O4 30@0 8AB8>B 4O=O;O@8, >@B0 1N9F:;F:4O 3K@<K7K 8AB8>BC= 1/4 I8AAOA8, 1 4OD=O 90@?0LK, 1 48H A0@K<A03 3>9C;<0;K4K@. "O7O E890@ 2O ?><84>@C A@:O9O 3>94C340 (<0@8=040 3>94C340 4C7 2O A8@:O4O= 10H30 5% HO:O@ 8AB8D04O 548;8@) 1 ;-;8: 10=:090 1 O4O4 4OD=O 90@?0LK, 1 O4O4 A0?;03;K 8AB8>B, 5-8 O4O4 <8EO:, 1 ?0@G0 40@GK= 301KLK 3>9C;<0;K4K@. 0=:0=K= 4818=O 07 <8340@40 9CE0@K40 MNABO@4898<87 FAC;;0 I07K@;0=<KH MN9O@B8 30@KHKLK=40= 40 3>9<03 >;0@. /4O18990B;0@40 (106) BO@O2O7;O@8 A@:O9O 3>9<03 FGF= 5 20@80=B40 O42899O 30@KHKLK <OA;OIOB MN@F;<FH4F@. 3 ;-;8: 10;>=0 MN@O 3-;0 I5A01;0=<KH 2 20@80=BK= BO@:818 8;O B0=KH >;03. 0@80=B 1  0@80=B 2KBK3>BC :N:F6,00@GK= 6,7"O7O HF9F4 MN9O@B8A815,08EO: 0,5(F9F4 B>EC<C0,6/B8@;8 8AB8>B0,4O@O287 90@?0LK10,00@0 2O 90 3K@<K7K 8AB8>B 0,6ODO@8 :N:F 2O 90 90@?0LK5,5OD=O 90@?0LK1,0K@<K7K 2O 90 30@0 8AB8>B0,6(F9F4 20,0OD=O 90@?0LK0,5 59I0= 2,0!0@K<A03 5,00@03K=K3 3,0 59I0= 2,0 0790=0 5,0 "O@O2O7;O@8 :>=A5@2;OH48@<O: FGF= AO=095 FAC;C 8;O I07K@;0=0= O42899O 30@KHK3;0@K=K= @5A5?B8 8H8= + DOA;8=8= 4-6F AC0;K=40 25@8;8@. /42899O 30@KHK3;0@K=40= ;8:N@-0@03 2O OB8@;O=48@8;<8H HO@01;0@K= 8AB5IA0;K=40 40 8AB8D04O 5B<O: <OA;OIOB MN@F;F@. /B8@;8 ;8:N@ I07K@;0<03 FGF= 0H0LK40:K BO@:814O O42899O 30@KHKLK <OA;OIOB MN@F;F@. /B8@;8 O42899O;8 18B:8;O@ 2O O42899O;O@ 10 ; HO@01 FGF= 3-;0 0H0LK40:K <8340@40 MNBF@F;<O;848@. 0@80=B 1  0@80=B 2O1@09K;>BC 12,0O1@09K;>BC 6,2O4@O=6 12,0O4@O=6 7,5AB8>B =0=OA82,0AB8>B =0=OA8 6,26K 9>2H0=10,0CA:0B G8GO986,4'N4F:>BC 10,08EO: 0,28EO: 1,3)8; 2,8.:F7>BC 1,20@GK= 8,2)8; 1,25H=8H B>EC<C12,00@GK= 2,6CA:0B G8GO982,0 /42899O 30@KHK3;0@K=40= OB8@;O=48@8;<8H HO@01;0@K= 8AB5IA0;K=40 40 8AB8D04O >;C=0 18;O@. /B8@;O=48@8;<8H HO@01;0@ FGF= 8AB8D04O >;C=0= O42899O 30@KHK3;0@K 14 MF= 50%-;8 5B8; A?8@B8=4O A0E;0=K;K@, AF7F;F1 HO@01;0 :C?0J 548;8@. 10 ; HO@01 FGF= BOE<8=O= 20 3 O42899O 30@KHKLK AO@D >;C=C@. (O@01 FGF= O42899O 30@KHKLK=K= D087;O (2O 90 3-;0) <8340@K 0H0LK40:K :8<848@. 0@80=B 1  0@80=B 22AB@890 9>2H0=K15">70L06K BC<C@6CLC5>9<04O@O= 8N:O G8GO984O:;8:>BC 8-56O2O@ :N:F8AB8>B =0=OA810O1@09K;>BC 1C1@>2:0 (7O=68@>BC)68H8:>BC 1%OHO<1C; 68EO: 25H=8H B>EC<C200@K=M8 301KLK4 09>=57 8AB5IA0;K=40 8AB8D04O >;C=0= O42899O 30@KHKLK=K= BO@:818 0H0LK40:K :8<848@. C O42899O 30@KHKLK @5A5?BO MN@O D087;O MNBF@F;F@. 5%-;8 A8@:O4O 7-10 MF= A0E;0=K;K@ 2O <09>=57 I07K@;04K340 048 A8@:O O2O78=O OB8@;O=48@8;<8H A@:O O;02O 548;8@ (OA0A E0<<0;;0@0 MN@O D087;O). /B8@;8 8AB8>B0,070@0 8AB8>B0,035OD=O 90@?0LK0,0350@GK= 0,038EO: 0,03O7O= <09>=578= G5H848=4O= 0AK;K >;0@03 3KBK3>BC, :O@O287, HF9F4, I8;, 68@O 2O 20=8;4O= 4O 8AB8D04O >;C=C@. /42899O 30@KHK3;0@K=40= 10;K3 AO=095A8=4O 2O OB <OIAC;;0@K 8AB5IA0;K=40 40 M5=8H 8AB8D04O >;C=C@. 0;K340= I07K@;0=0= AC;C EN@O:;O@O 2O ?N@BF;<FH 10;KL0 0H0LK40:K O42899O 30@KHKLK=40= 8AB8D04O 5B<O: <OA;OIOB MN@F;F@. 0H A>L0=4 I8AAOODO@8 1 I8AAO(F9F4 1 I8AAO0@0 8AB8>B0,5 I8AAO)8; 0,5 I8AAOCA:0B 6N2F7F0,5 I8AAO8@O 0,5 I8AAO 0790=0 0,5 I8AAO "O7O 2O 4C7;0=<KH 10;K340= O42899O;8 4C7;C 2O A8@:O9O 3>9C;<CH 10;K3 <OIAC;;0@K I07K@;04K340 O42899O 30@KHK3;0@K 10;KLK= F7O@8=O AO?8;8@ 2O 90EC4 909 4C7;0<040 2O A8@:O9O 3>9<040 <OIAC;C= I07K@;0=<0AK=40 O;02O 548;@. C O42899O 30@KHK3;0@K=K= @5A5?B8 5.5. 2O 5.6. A09;K 6O42O;;O@4O 25@8;<8H48@. /B EN@O:;O@8 FGF= O42899O 30@KHK3;0@K=K IO< OB 389<OA8=O, 52 :>;10A0;0@K=0, :>B;5BO 2O 4C@C OB EN@O:;O@8=O 30B<03 >;0@. C O42899O 30@KHK3;0@K=K= @5A5?B8 5.7. 2O 5.8. A09;K 6O42O;;O@4O 25@8;<8H48@. CYdvYl 5.5. /42899O;8-4CI;C 2O A8@:O9O 3>9C;<CH 10;K3 <OIAC;;0@K FGF= O42899O 30@KHK3;0@K 42899O;O@ 0;KLK= F7O@8=O AO?<O: FGF= (2 :3 10;KL0 3-;0)OI;C;0 30B<03 FGF= (5 ;8B@O 3-;0)V0@80=B;0@ 123128@O B>EC<C1,6-0,41,0-5H=8H B>EC<C6,04,04,02,07,5OD=O 90@?0LK0,20,40,40,2-0@0 8AB8>B1,02,01,40,50,5/B8@;8 8AB8>B2,04,04,00,55,0K@<K7K 8AB8>B1,00,60,6--8@O B>EC<C--0,2--(F9F4 2O 90 @0790=0--0,2--0L =0=OA8--0,4--40G09K -0,60,6--8EO: 0,20,60,6-2,5)8; -0,40,4--0@GK= 0,41,01,0--CA:0B 6N2F7F-0,4--- CYdvYl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dvYl 5.7. /B 389<OA8 2O 52 :>;10A0;0@K FGF= O42899O 30@KHK3;0@K /42899O;O@ 1 :3 <OIAC;0 MN@O 3-;00@80=B 10@80=B 20@80=B 3)8; 85-O@O287 B>EC<C10105O=6OD8; 101210O@7O 2020200H A>L0=2330@03K=K3 --5L 8AB8>B4040200@0 8AB8>B--2540G09K 101050L =0=OA8--5 CYdvYl 5.8. >B;5B FGF= O42899O 30@KHKLK /42899O;O@ 1 :3 :>B;5B 389<OA8=O, 3-;00@80=B 10@80=B 2K@<K7K A0?;03;K 8AB8>B0,50,3O@O287 B>EC<C0,50,5ODO@8 B>EC<C0,50,5 59I0= (G8GO:;O@8 2O 90@?0LK)-0,30L =0=OA8-0,1 CE0@K40:K @5A5?B;O@4O= O;02O OB 2O BO@O2O7 H>@10;0@K=0 2O B>9C3 OB8=4O= EN@O:;O@ FGF= 0H0LK40:K O42899O 30@KHK3;0@K <OA;OIOB MN@F;F@ (6O42O; 5.9.). CYdvYl 5.9. /B 2O BO@O2O7 H>@10;0@K FGF= O42899O 30@KHK3;0@K /42899O;O@ /42899O;O@8= <8340@K, D087;O0@80=B 10@80=B 20@80=B 3O@7O 251530AB8>B =0=OA85-- >7<0@8= 20-2540G09K 15-150L =0=OA81515-O:;8:>BC 202830O@O287 -7-ODO@8 -28- 59I0= -7- ">9C3 1C;9>=C, 18H8@8;<8H 2O ?N@BF;<FH B>9C3 EN@O98 FGF= 0H0LK40:K O42899O 30@KHKLK <OA;OIOB MN@F;F@. 1 :3 B>9C3 FGF= 3-;0 0L =0=OA8 4 59I0= 2 K@<K7K 8AB8>B 0,3 O@7O 0,3 0@0 8AB8>B 0,3 !0@K<A03 5 CE0@K40 3594 >;C=0= O42899O 30@KHK3;0@K 8;O 90=0HK E0@868 N;:O;O@4O 8AB8D04O >;C=0= <FEBO;8D O42899O 30@KHK3;0@K 20@4K@. OAO;O=, -F@6FAB0=40 O= G>E 8AB8D04O >;C=0= B>720@8 O42899O 30@KHKLK=K= (E<5;8-AC=5;8) BO@:818=O 0H0LK40:K O42899O;O@ 30BK;K@: D5=C3@5:, :5H=8H B>EC<C, HF9F4, :O@O287, 6ODO@8, @59I0=, 40L =0=OA8, =0=O, 4OD=O 90@?0LK, <O@7O, 3K@<K7K 8AB8>B, 7ODO@0=. !04O E<5;8-AC=5;8 6 OA0A O42899O4O= I07K@;0=K@: 3K@<K7K 8AB8>B, 7ODO@0=, @59I0=, :5H=8H B>EC<C, <O@7O 2O HF9F4. 0AB020@8 O42899O 30@KHKLK 068:0=K= BO@:818=O 3 I8AAO E<5;8-AC=5;8, 2 I8AAO 3K@<K7K 8AB8>B, A0@K<A03, :5H=8H 2O HF9F4 B>EC<C (IO@OA8=4O= 1 I8AAO), 18@ 07 4C7 2O 3-4%-;8 HO@01 A8@:OA8 40E8;48@. 2@>?0 <OB1OE8=4O, OA0AO= :;0AA8: O42899O;O@4O= 8AB8D04O 5B<O:;O O42899O 30@KHK3;0@K I07K@;0=K@. OAO;O=, '5E89040 OB EN@O:;O@8 FGF= 0H0LK40:K BO@:814O 0=3C;0 O42899O 30@KHKLK I07K@;0=K@ (BO@:818 D087;O): 3K@<K7K8AB8>B  39,6, 10H A>L0=  33,6, 78@O  3,9, F9F4F;<FH 30@0 8AB8>B  0,5, <CA:0B G8GO98  0,3, OB8@;8 8AB8>B  0,3, 1CL40 C=C  9,9, H>@10 :FB;OA8 (30;8=0-1;0=:0 :8<8)  11,9, IO<G8=8= A0@K<A03 2O 48MO@ 40425@868;O@. $@0=:DC@B O42899O 30@KHKLK=K= BO@:818 D087;O: 0<09 8AB8>BC  5, 68@O  5, 78@O  5, :5H=8H B>EC<C  10, HF9F4  5, <CA:0B G8GO98  10, <CA:0B 6N2F7F  5, A>L0= B>7C  5, ?0?8@:0 (3K@<K7K 8AB8>B)  4, 0L 8AB8>B  46. 0<1C@3 O42899O 30@KHKLK=K= BO@:818 D087;O: 0<09 8AB8>BC  36, :O@O287 B>EC<C  10, <8EO:  10, I8;  5, A>LC= B>7C  2, 0L 8AB8>B  12, 040G09K  2,5. 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F<C=O;O@8= A09K!B0=40@B F7@O"OI;8; =OB86OA8O=0@;0H<0 11,01,08-0,0821,01,09-0,0931,00,9980,00241,00,9870,00351,01,04-0,4@B0 389<OB1,01,032-0,21 "8B@;O=O= BC@HC;CLC= D087;O <8340@K AB0=40@B MNABO@8684O= 0,032% 0@BK34K@. &7F< A8@:OA8=8= B5E=8:8 HO@B;O@O ("#-18-3-12-84) C9LC= >;0@03 D878:8-:8<9O28 MNABO@868;O@8 0H0LK40:K BO;O1;O@O 60201 25@<O;848@. !8@:O BC@HCAC=0 MN@O I5A01;0=<KH A8@:O BC@HCAC=C= :FB;O9O MN@O D087;O <8340@K  EMBED Equation.3  2O  EMBED Equation.3  >;<0;K4K@. )O6<O MN@O >:A84;OH<8H A?8@B8= D087;O <8340@K 0,20-0,30 >;<0;K4K@. !C;D8B BC@HCAC=C= :FB;O9O MN@O D087;O <8340@K 100 <3/;-4O= G>E >;<0<0;K4K@. &7F< A8@:OA8=4O A8@:O BC@HCAC=C= <8340@K=K= BO98=8. &7F< A8@:OA8=4O A8@:O BC@HCAC=C= <8340@K AB0=40@B F7@O  EMBED Equation.3  2O 90  EMBED Equation.3  D087 >;<0;K4K@. "OI;8; >;C=0= A8@:O BC@HCAC=C= 5B8:5B8=4O 8AO BF=4;F: 4,8% 907K;<KH4K@. "OI;8; B8B@;O<O FAC;C 8;O 5 ?0@0;5; =F<C=O4O 0?0@K;<KH 2O 6.6 sayl1 cYdvYldYki @O3O<;O@ 0;K=<KH4K@. O42O; 6.6. 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N2;OB AB0=40@BK=0 OA0AO= 4C7C= 3C@C <044OA8=4O AC40 IO;; >;<090= I8AAO=8= <8340@K 5:AB@0 A>@B40 0,03%-4O=, O;0 A>@B40 0,16%-4O=, + A>@B40 0,45%-4O= 2O ++ A>@B40 0,85%-4O= 0@BK3 >;<0<0;K4K@. ;K=<KH =OB86O;O@O MN@O 5:AB@0 4C740 0,02% (0,05-0,03), + A>@B 4C740 8AO 0,07% (0,52-0,45) AC40 IO;; >;<090= <044O;O@ AB0=40@B MNABO@8684O= 0@BK34K@. &9F4F;<FH EN@O: 4C7C 4O=O;O@8=8= 8@8;898=8= BO98=8 :AB@0 4C7 FGF= 4O=O;O@8= 8@8;898=8= BO98=8. :AB@0 4C7C 0,8 !-;8 O;O:4O= 100% :5G48, 0,5 << MN7;F:;F O;O:4O= :5G8@48:4O 4C7C= 90%-8 O;O:4O= :5G48. 1 !-;8 + A>@B F9F4F;<FH 4C7C 1,2 << MN7;F:;F O;O:4O= :5G8@48:4O 4C7C= 90,8%-8 O;O:4O= :5G48. N2;OB AB0=40@BK=0 OA0AO= 5:AB@0 4C7 0,8 << <OA0<O;8 O;O:4O= 100% :5G<O;848@. 0,5 << <OA0<O;8 O;O:4O= 8AO 95% :5G<O;848@. 878< BOI;8;4O 8AO 94% :5G<8H48@. O=0@;0H<0 <O=D8 1%-48@. N2;OB AB0=40@BK=0 OA0AO= F9F4F;<FH O;0 2O + A>@B 4C7;0@40= 0 !-;8 F9F4F;<FH 4C7 0,8 << <OA0<O;8 O;O:4O= O= 07K 90%, 1 !-;8 F9F4F;<FH 4C7 1,2 << <OA0<O;8 O;O:4O= O= 07K 90%, 2 !-;8 F9F4F;<FH 4C7 2,5 << <OA0<O;8 O;O:4O= O= 07K 90%, 3 !-;8 F9F4F;<FH 4C7 4,5 << <OA0<O;8 O;O:4O= 85% :5G<O;848@. ++ A>@B 4C7C= 1; 2 2O 3 !-;8 F9F4F;<FH;O@8 C9LC= >;0@03 1,2; 2,5 2O 4,5 << <OA0<O;8 O;O:;O@4O= 90; 90 2O 85% :5G<O;848@. 5<O;8, 1O878< BOI;8;4O + A>@B 1 !-;8 F9F4F;<FH 4C7 1,2 << <OA0<O;8 O;O:4O= 90% :5G<O;8 848, ;0:8= D0:B8:8 >;0@03 90,9% :5G<8H48@. C7C= F9F4F;<OA8 =>@<0;4K@ 2O AB0=40@BK= BO;O18=O 60201 25@8@. Masaz1r glndYki _oran duzdan qida mYqsYdlYri n vacuum duzunun istehsal1n1n Ysasland1r1lmas1 Respublikam1z1n dal1q vY daYtYyi blgYlYrinin sular1nda yod at1_mad11ndan lkY Yhalisinin yodla_d1r1lm1_ duzla tYmin olunmas1n1n insanlar1n salaml11n1n qorunmas1nda mhm YhYmiyyYti vard1r. Ab_eronun YrazisindY olan _oranl1qlar1n YksYriyyYti duz mYnbYyidir. Bunlardan Yn ox ehtiyata malik olan1 Masaz1r gldr. Haz1rda buradak1 duzun primitiv _YkildY hasil edilmYsi ilY tYk-tk adamlar, son illYrdY isY fYaliyyYt gstYrYn kiik mYssisYlYr mY_ul olurlar. hali tYmizlYnmYmi_, elYcY dY yodla_d1r1lmam1_ duz ilY tYmin olunur. Biz hYlY hYmin duzun tYrkibindYki yaban1 maddYlYri, a1r metal duzlar1n1 vY toks1k1 elementlYri demirik. BelY duzun istehlak1 insanlar1n salaml11na mYnfi tYsir gstYrir. Ab_eronda bu gnY kimi masir tYlYbata cavab verYn istehsal sahYsi tY_kil olunmaml_d1r. Bu sahYyY investisiysa qoyulmal1 vY masir tYlYbata uyun avadanl1qla tYchiz olunmu_ dnya standartlar1na cavab verYn texnologiya tYdbiq olunmal1d1r. sas mYsYlY buras1ndad1r ki, _oran duzu, tYrkibindYki yaban1 maddYlYrdYn, a1r vY toksiki metallardan azad etmYk n dnya standartlar1na cavab verYn yeni istehsal texnologiyas1 tYdbiq etmYk laz1md1r. Bunu htYsindYn isY yaln1z maliyyY imkan1 olan  Azersun Holding kimi _irkYt gYlY bilYr. HYr bir mYhsulun keyfiyyYtini formala_d1ran bir neY amillYr var. Burada Ysas xammal1n keyfiyyYti, tYdbiq olunan texnologiya vY avadanliq, i_ilYrin sYri_tYliyi, o cmlYdYn biliklYri vY bacar11 Ysas rol oynay1r. KeyfiyyYti qoruyan amil kimi haz1r mYhsulun qabla_d1r1lmas1nda istifadY olunan tara vY qabla_d1r1c1 materialar, mYsulun qabla_d1r1lmas1, markalanmas1, da_1nmas1, saxlan1lma _Yraiti vY muddYti, elYcY dY istehlak xsusiyyYtlYri Ysas rol oynay1r. 0ndi gYlin bu amillYr haqq1nda dYrindYn d_nYk vY bir anl1a da olsa ara_d1raq. VY grYk ki, fYrdi istehsalla mY_ul olan vY hYtta kiik mYssisYlYrdY fYaliyyYt gstYrYn bir qrup adamlar btn bu mYsYlYlYri tYmin etmYyY qadirdirlYr. Bu i_in  Azersun Holding _irkYtinin maliyyY dYstYyi ilY tY_kil olunmas1 reald1r, iqtisadi bax1mdan vY hYm dY son mYqamda Yhalinin yodla_d1r1lm1_ vakuum duzu ilY tYmin olunmas1nda mhm YhYmiyyYtY malik olmas1 dan1lmazd1r. Biz art1q bunu 0mi_li ^YkYr zavodunun tikilib istifadYyY verilmYsindY bir daha _ahidi olmu_uq. 0llYrlY AzYrbaycan1n mxtYlif blgYlYrindY _YkYr zavodu tikmYk istYyYnlYrin he biri bu i_i realla_d1ra bilmYdi vY 1992-c1 ildYn sonra 10 ilY yax1n respublikada becYrilYn _YkYr uunduru emal n qon_u lkYlYrY gndYrilirdi. MYn YminYm ki, duz istehsal1nda da  Azersun Holding _irkYtlYr qrupu z maliyyY dYstYyini YsirgYmYyYcYk vY masir avadanliqlar1n kmYyi ilY dnya standartlar1na cavab verYn texnologiyani tYdbiq etmYklY yksYk keyfiyyYtli duz istehsal1n1 tY_kil edY bilYcYkdir. Masaz1r glndYki _oran duzunun analizlYri gstYrir ki, bu duz tYrkibinY grY MDB-nin digYr blgYlYrindYki _oran duzlardan ox az fYrqlYnir. Bu gldYki duzun tYrkibindY NaCL-un miqdar1 mumi kationlar1n(99,2 q/l.) miqdar1n1n 97%-Y qYdYrini tY_kil edir. Eyni zamanda bu duzun mYhlulu zYif tur_ vY bYzi hallarda zYif qYlYvi reaksiyaya malikdir, ba_qa spzl. Duzun PH-1 6,5-7,4 aras1nda olur. Bu isY qida mYqsYdlYri n istifadY olunan duzun tYlYbinY cavab verir. Duzun tYrkibindY Mg vY Ca kationlar1 da vard1r.vY 4%-dYn ox deyil.lbYttdY ki, yksYk texnologiyan1n tYdbiqi ilY istehsal zaman1 bunun miqdar1 minimuma endirilYcYkdir. Duzun tYrkibindYki anionlar1n(156,26 q/l.) 99,5%-ni xlor(154,5 q/l.) tY_kil edir, az miqdarda sulfat(1,62 q/l.), hidrokarbonat (0,28 q/l.) vY 0,0011 q/l. ftor vard1r. Son zamanlar _or suyun tYrkibindY 2,23-2,54 mq/l yod, 11,9-18,9 mq/l brom vY 0,09-0,1 mq/l NH4 tap1lm1_d1r. GldYki suyun mumi mineralla_mas1 255,33 q/litrdir. Duz mYhlulunun tYrkibinin formulu a_a1dak1 kimidir(1977-ci ilin mYlumat1). Cl 99 SO4 1,6 M255 = (Na + K) 96 (Mg 3) Kurlov formulu a_a1dak1 kimidir(1997-ci ilin mYlumat1). Cl 99,5 M238 = (Na + K) 99,5 Masaz1r glnn duz tYrkibinin vY a1r metallar1n analizlYrinin nYticYlYri a_a1dak1 kimi olmu_dur. Gln suyunun duz tYrkibi. Quru maddY :25,11% Sixlii (20 C) :1,1798 g/ml Qat1l11 (20 C) :23 (YYni 100 ml-dY 23 qr NaCl vardir) CaCl2 :3800 mq/l Mg Cl2 :16600 mq/l Na2SO4 :213 mq/l NaCl : 94,6% Suda hYllolmayan maddY : yoxdur A1r metallar1n analizi. A1r metallar Tap1lan miqdar1(mq/kq) CivY(Hg) : 0,006 Quru_un(Pb) : 0,01 Aluminium(Al) : 0,13 Mis(Cu) : 0,04 Arsen(As) : 0,03 DYmir(Fe) : 1,9 Molibden(Mo) : 0,02 Vanadium(V) : 0,002 Xrom(Cr) : tap1lmad1 Mo+Cr+V : 0,022 Titan(Ti) : 0,04 Nikel(Ni) : 0,007 Ti+Cu+Ni : 0,087 Yeyinti mYhsullar1n1n tYrkibindY olan toksiki elemehtlYrdYn 8 elementin miqdar1 beynYlxalq Yrzaq mallar1 ticarYtindY ciddi nYzarYt alt1nda saxlan1l1r. Bunlara civY, kadmium, quru_un, arsen, mis, stronsium, sink vY dYmir aiddir. Bu elementlYrin siyah1s1 haz1rda dYqiqlY_dirilir vY art1r1l1r. XrYk duzunun tYrkibindY a1r metallar1n yol verilYn miqdar1 mq/kq-la a_a1dak1 miqdardan ox olmamal1d1r: quru_un-2,0; kadmium-0,1; arsen-1,0; civY-0,01; mis-3,0; vY sink-10,0. BelYliklY Masazir glndY olan duzun analizlYri imkan verir ki, Yn masir texnika vY texnologiya tYdbiq etmYklY yksYk keyfiyyYtli yodla_d1r1lm1_ vakuum xrYk duzu istehsal1na ba_lama1n vaxt1 gYlmi_dir. OB86O %N@O: 4C7C I020, AC 2O GN@O: :8<8 7O@C@8 IO90B =5<OB848@. %N@O: 4C7C IO< MF=4O;8: 384040 2O IO< 4O AO=095=8= <FEBO;8D A0IO;O@8=4O E0<<0; :8<8 8AB8D04O >;C=C@. %N@O: 4C7C=C= 8=A0= >@30=87<8 FGF= 1N9F: D88>;>J8 OIO<899OB8 20@4K@. %N@O: 4C7C 30=K= BO@:818=O 40E8; >;C@. =A0=K= <O4OA8=4O:8 2O78;O@ EN@O: 4C7C=40= <O4O H8@OA8=O ;07K< >;0= 4C7 BC@HCAC=C I07K@;09K@ :8, 1C 40IO7< ?@>A5A;O@8 FGF= 2068148@. FBF= D878>;>J8 DC=:A890;0@K= =>@<0;;KLK=K BO<8= 5B<O: FGF= 8=A0= IO@ MF= 1FBF= 95<O:;O@;O 18@;8:4O 10-15 3 EN@O: 4C7C 3O1C; 5B<O;848@. %N@O: 4C7C OB, 10;K3 2O BO@O2O78= :>=A5@2;OH48@8;<OA8=4O :>=A5@20=B :8<8 BOB183 >;C=C@. 'F=:8 GF@F4F6F <8:@>>@30=87<;O@ 3-7% 4C7;C <FI8B4O 8=:8H0D 54O 18;<8@;O@.  4C7;0 7O=M8= >;0= N;:O;O@48@. C7 OA0AO= >;301>9C, #:@09=0=K= >=5BA:  @84=5?@>2A:8 83B8A048 @09>=;0@K=40, 7O@10960=40 0EGK20=  -40, "F@:<O=8AB0=K= O1O;O @09>=C=40, 5@<, @5=1C@3,%>@A5= 28;09OB;O@8=4O 2O A. GKE0@K;K@. -4O 8AB5IA0; 548;O= 4C7C= 42%-8 >;301>9C 83B8A048 @09>=C=C=, 24%-8 8AO 0A:C=G03 MN;F=F= ?09K=0 4FHF@. #:@09=040 8AO -4O GKE0@K;0= 4C7C= 40%-O 3O4O@8 I0A8; 548;8@. 0EGK20=  -40 GKE0@K;0= 4C7 @5A?C1;8:0=K= BO;O18=8 22% N4O98@. )O@ 8; @5A?C1;8:090 0A:C=G0340= 600 <8= B>=0 3O4O@ AO=095 5<0;K FGF=4C7 MOB8@8;8@. :AB@0 4C7 8AO "F@:89O4O= MOB8@8;8@. 5A?C1;8:0 AO=095A8=8= 4C70 >;0= BO;O18=8 50% N4O<O: FGF= 0EGK20=40 4C7 I0A8;0BK=K 3 4ODO 0@BK@<03 2O O;02O >;0@03 1H5@>=40 8;4O 150 <8= B>= H>@0= 4C7C 8AB5IA0; 5B<O: ;07K<4K@. %N@O: 4C7C BO18OB4O 2 B8?4O >;C@. MO4O= 4C7C 2O 90EC4 40H 4C7; ^>@0 4C7C  AC40 IO;; >;<CH I0;40 MN;;O@4O, 4O=87;O@4O 2O IN27O;O@4O >;C@. C7 90B03;0@K=K= E0@0:B5@8=4O= 2O 4C7C= 0;K=<0AK B5E=>;>M890AK=40= 0AK;K >;0@03 EN@O: 4C7C 0H0LK40:K =12;O@O 09@K;K@. 0H 4C7. C 4C7C 95@0;BK 4C7 90B03;0@K=40= 8@8 ?0@G0 I0;K=40 GKE0@K1 4C7 4O98@<0=;0@K=40 EK@40;09K@;0@. 'N:4F@F;<FH 2O 90 IN27O 4C7C. C4 C7C AF=8 AC@OB4O 4F7O;<8H IN27O;O@4O, 4O=87 AC9C=C 1CE0@;0=4K@K1 GN:4F@<O:;O O;4O 548@;O@. (>@0= 4C7C 2O 90 MN; 4C7C. C 4C7C 4C7;C MN;;O@8= 4818=4O= GKE0@K@;0@. CE0@;0=4K@K;<KH 4C7. C 4C7 95@ 0;BK=40= GKE0@K;<KH AC9C= 1CE0@;0=4K@K;<0AK =OB86OA8=4O O;4O 548;8@. >4;0H4K@K;<KH 4C7. C 4C7C 048 EN@O: 4C7C=C= 1 B>=C 25 3 * O;02O 5B<O:;O I07K@;09K@;0@. 5;O 4C740= AC9C=40 9>4 >;<090= @09>=;0@K= OI0;8A8=8= 8AB8D04O 5B<O;O@8 2068148@. >4;0H4K@K;<KH 4C7C= 15 3-40= 286 30<<0 5;5<5=B0@ 9>4 >;C@. -F=4O;8: 9>40 BO;O10B 8;O 150 30<<04K@. 59D899OB8=4O= 0AK;K >;0@03 EN@O: 4C7C 5:AB@0, O;0, + 2O ++ O<BOO A>@B;0@K=40 1C@0EK;K@. %N@O: 4C7C=40 AC40 IO;; >;<090= <044O;O@ =O 3O4O@ 07 >;0@A0, >=C= A>@BC 18@ > 3O4O@ 9F:AO: A09K;K@. O98@<0=;0@40 F9F4F;<FH 4C7 8@8;898=4O= 0AK;K >;0@03 0; 1; 2 2O 3 !-;8 >;C@ :8, 1C=;0@ 40 <OA0<O;O@8 C9LC= >;0@03 0,8; 1,2; 2,5 2O 4,5 << >;0= O;O:;O@4O= 85-90% :5G<O;848@. O@0:O=4O B860@OBO EN@O: 4C7C=C OA0AO= 5000-10000 GO:84O MOB8@8@;O@. !B0=40@B F7@O EN@O: 4C7C=C= =O<;898 2O 0;-C= 2O 3 8>=C=C= <8340@K A>@BC=40= 0AK;K >;0@03 <OI4C4;0H4K@K;K@. %N@O: 4C7C=C= =>@<0; HO@08B4O A0E;0=K;<0 <F44OB8 <OI4C4;0H4K@K;<K@. "O:6O 9>4;0H4K@K;<KH 4C7C= BO<8=0B;K A0E;0=K;<0 <F44OB8 6 094K@. C <F44OB4O= A>=@0 048 4C7 :8<8 A0BKH0 25@8;8@. @30=>;5?B8:8 MNABO@868;O@4O= 4C7=n 404K, 898 2O @O=M8 <FO99O= 548;8@. @30=>;5?B8:8 BOI;8;8= =OB86O;O@8 MNABO@8@ :8, B860@OB HO1O:OA8=4O @50;87O >;C=0= EN@O: 4C7C=C= :59D899OB8 AB0=40@BK= BO;O18=O C9LC=4C@. 01>@0B>@890 FAC;C 8;O 4C7C= @50:A890AK, =O<;898, AC40 IO;; >;<090= <044O;O@8= <8340@K, F9F4F;<FH EN@O: 4C7C 4O=O;O@8=8= 8@8;898 BO98= 548;8@. "O43830BK= =OB86O;O@8 MNABO@8@ :8, B860@OB HO1O:OA8=4O @50;87O >;C=0= 4C7;0@K= D878:8-:8<9O28 MNABO@868;O@8 AB0=40@BK= BO;O18=O C9LC= MO;8@. C blmYdYki =O7O@8 2O BO6@F1O28 <O;C<0B;0@0 95:C= 2C@0@03 0H0LK40:K tvsiyyYlYri vermYk olar. 5A?C1;8:0 AO=095A8=8= 4C70 BO;O18=8 2O BO188 8<:0=;0@K =O7O@O 0;0@03 4C7 I0A8;0BK=K= 0@BK@K;<0AK=K BO:;8D 548@O<. 7O@10960=K= BO188-6>L@0D8 HO@08B8=4O= 0AK;K >;0@03 1O78 @09>=;0@K=, <OAO;O=, (O:8-030B0;0 7>=0;0@K=K= AC9C=40 9>4 G0BKH<K@. =0 MN@O 4O BO:;8D 548@O< :8, 9>4;0H4K@K;<KH 4C7 8AB5IA0;K 0@BK@K;AK= 2O OI0;8=8= BO;O18 B0< N4O=8;A8=. 0:K HOIO@ ?O@0:O=4O B860@OB HO1O:OA8=8= :AB@0 4C7 8;O BO6I87 >;C=<0AK=40 D0A8;O;O@O 9>; 25@8;8@. 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">;G5=0O :>6C@0 ?;>4>2  E>@>H0O ?@8?@020 : @K1=K< 8 <OA=K< 1;N40<, >A>15==> : H0H;K:0< 8 ;N;O-:51010<. !C<0E 8A?>;L7CNB B0:65 : :CB010<, ?8@>6:0< ?>-075@109460=A:8, H0H;K:0< 87 ?5G5=8 8 ?>G5:, ?;>2C B0A :5101. !C<0E 70G0ABCN 2 ;8B5@0BC@5 =5?@028;L=> =07K20NB 10@10@8A><. ;82:8  MB> =57@5;K5 ?;>4K >;82:>2>3> 45@520. E >1@010BK20NB I5;>GLN, A>;OB 8 2 :>=A5@28@>20==>< 2845 8A?>;L7CNB :0: 70:CA:C 8 ?@8?@02C : A>;O=:0<, A0;0B0<. A?>;L7CNB B0:65 4;O >D>@<;5=8O @07;8G=KE 1;N4.  A>2@5<5==>9 75@109460=A:>9 :C;8=0@88 ?@8<5=ONBAO B0:65 E@5= AB>;>2K9, AB>;>20O 3>@G8F0, 0468:0, @07;8G=K5 A>CAK, <09>=57, B><0B-?0AB0, B><0B-?N@5, @07;8G=K5 >@30=8G5A:85 :8A;>BK, ACH5=0O ?@O=>-0@><0B8G5A:0O 75;5=L 8 4@. ?@8?@02K. @8<5=O5<K5 2 75@109460=A:>9 :C;8=0@88 ?@O=>AB8 8 ?@8?@02K O2;ONBAO ?@>4C:B0<8 @0AB8B5;L=>3> ?@>8AE>645=8O, ?>;CG5==K<8 =57=0G8B5;L=>9 ?5@5@01>B:>9 AK@LO. =8 =5 B>;L:> ?@840NB 1;N40< ?@8OB=K9 2:CA 8 0@><0B, => 8 >1>30I0NB 8E 18>;>38G5A:8 0:B82=K<8 25I5AB20<8 @0AB8B5;L=>3> ?@>8AE>645=8O. SUMMARY SPECES AND CONDIMENTS dviyyYlYrin vY taml1 qatmalar1n Ylifba-ad gstYricisi Monoqrafiyan1n mvzusu zrY nY_r olunan YsYrlYrin siyah1s1 /I<O4>2 /. /42899O;O@ 2O 30B<0;0@. 0:K. HK3. 1998.10,5 .v.(169 sYh). /I<O4>2 /. "0<;K <0;;0@K= O<BOOHF=0A;KLK. O@A;8:. 0:K. 00@8D. 1993.sYh.64-125. /I<O4>2 /.. ODO@0=. ;< 2O IO90B JC@=0;K. 0:K. 1969. ! 8. AOI. 13. /I<O4>2 /.. /428990BK= A0E;0=K;<0AK. 7O@10960= 304K=K JC@=0;K. 0:K. 1971. ! 5. AOI. 23-24. /I<O4>2 /.. /42899O;8 18B:8;O@. ;< 2O IO90B JC@=0;K. 0:K. 1971. ! 7. AOI. 25. /I<O4>2 /.. 04;K EN@O:;O@ 95<O: 8ABO98@A8=87AO(1C=;0@K 18;<O: D0940;K4K@), ;< 2O IO90B JC@=0;K. 0:K. 1972. ! 7. AOI. 26. /I<O4>2 /.. "O@O2O7;O@8= :>=A5@2;OH48@8;<OA8=4O 8H;O48;O= O428990B;0@. 7O@10960= 304K=K JC@=0;K. 0:K. 1972. ! 8. AOI. 22-23. /I<O4>2 /.. Bir imik duz ;< 2O IO90B JC@=0;K. 0:K. 1973. ! 5. AOI. 21. /I<O4>2 /.. (8@=8990B <O<C;0B;0@K=K= I07K@;0=<0AK=40 8H;O48;O= O428990B. 7O@10960= 304K=K JC@=0;K. 0:K. 1973. ! 2. AOI. 23. /I<O4>2 /.., CA0952 .%. ODO@0= 8AB5IA0;K=40 BC;;0=BK;0@40= 8AB8D04O >;C=<0AK=K= 5DD5:B82;898 I033K=40. .F=904704O 04K=0 7%"-=8= 5;<8 OAO@;O@8. 0:K. 1973. ! 4. AOI. 27-28. mYdov .0. Mayonez, 7O@10960= 304K=K JC@=0;K. 0:K. 1976. ! 5. AOI. 24. /I<O4>2 /.. Yaban1 Yzgilin tYdqiqi. KYnd tYsYrrfat1 elmlYri xYbYrlYri, bak1 1977, ! 3. AOI. 55-58. /I<O4>2 /.. ODO@0=. 0:K. 7O@=OH@. 1976.3,0 .v.(56 sYh). /I<O4>2 /.. 7O@10960=K= OB8@;8-O42899O 18B:8;O@8, >=;0@K= AO=095 OIO<899OB8. 0:K. 8;8: 6O<899OB8. 1984.3,0 .v.(55 sYh). /I<O4>2 /.. 7O@10960= :C;8=0@890AK=40 O42899O 30@KHK3;0@K. 7"#-=C= 90@0=<0AK=K= 10 8;;898=O IOA@ >;C=<CH ?@>D5AA>@-<FO;;8< I59OB8=8= 9C18;59 5;<8-?@0:B8: :>=D@0=AK=K= <O@C7O;O@8=8= B578A;O@8. -O=6O. 1991. AOI. 231. /I<O4>2 /.. "0<;K 30B<0;0@K= BOA=8D0BK I033K=40. 5=O >@040. !OI. 233. /I<O4>2 /.. "O@O2O7;O@8= :>=A5@2;OH48@8;<OA8=4O 8H;O48;O= O428990B;0@. 7O@10960= 304K=K JC@=0;K. 0:K. 1995. ! 1-6. AOI. 30. /I<O4>2 /... 1001 H8@=8990B. 0:K. -O=6;8:. 1993. sYh 27-35 /I<O4>2 /.. 04;K 2O ;O77OB;8 EN@O:;O@8= A8@@8. 7O@10960= =A8:;>?54890AK =0H@8990B-?>;83@0D890 18@;898. 0:K. 1995. sYh.56-67 /I<O4>2 /.. 24O :>=A5@2;OH48@<O. 0:K. -O=6;8:. 1996. sYh.56-59 /I<O4>2 /.. /@703 <0;;0@K O<BOOHF=0A;KLK. O@A;8:. 0:K. TYfYkkr =OH@8990BK. 0:K. 1996. sYh.150-158. /I<O4>2 /.., 07K<>2 .., CA0952 .%. 8B:8 <O=HO;8 O@703 <OIAC;;0@K O<BOOHF=0A;KLK :C@AC F7@O ;01>@0B>@890 8H;O@8=8= 95@8=O 95B8@8;<OA8=O 408@ <5B>48: MNABO@8H;O@. N;<O: "0<;K <0;;0@. 0:K. 1997. AOI. 18-24. /I<O4>2 /.. 7O@10960= :C;8=0@890AK=K= 8=68;O@8. 0:K. ;<. 1997. sYh.51-62. /I<O4>2 /.., )06K952 .. !?8@BA87 8G:8;O@8= 8AB5IA0;K=40 7O@10960=K= OB8@;8-O42899O 18B:8;O@8=4O= 8AB8D04O=8= AO<O@O;8;898. 0:K /<BOOHF=0A;K3-><<5@A890 =AB8BCBC ?@>D5AA>@-<FO;;8< I59OB8=8= 1996-6K 8;8= 5;<8-BO43830B 8H;O@8=8= 95:C=;0@K=0 IOA@ >;C=<CH :>=D@0=AK= <0B5@80;;0@K. 0:K. '0HK>L;C. 1997. AOI. 44-46. .0.hmYdov, .%.CA0952 /@703 <OIAC;;0@K=K= :59D899OB8=8= 5:A?5@B870AK, O@A;8:, I I8AAO, 0:K, '0HK>L;C , 2005, 25 A/2. AOI.430-456 .0.hmYdov /@703 <0;;0@K O<BOOHF=0A;KLK, O@A;8:, #-=8= =OH@8990BK, 2006, 30 G.2., AOI. 216-225. /I<O4>2 /..  F0A8@ 7O@10960= <OB1OE8=8= EN@O:;O@8 , 0:K,  8A<OB , 2006, 25 G.2. AOI. 384-390 .0.hmYdov.  AzYrbaycanda xrYk duzu istehsal1n1n yeni mYrhYlYsi vY Ysasland1r1lmas1 . 2007-ci ildY AzYrbaycan DvlYt 0qtisad UniversitetindY yerinY yetirilmi_ bdcY tYyinatl1 elmi-tYdqiqat i_lYrinin yekununa hYsr edilmi_ elmi-praktiki konfrans1n tezislYri. Bak1,  0qtisad Universiteti nY_riyyat1. 2008, cYh.378-382, 0,3 .v. 29. .0.hmYdov. Masaz1r glndYki _oran duzdan xrYk duzunun istehsal1n1n bYzi mYsYlYlYri.  AzYrbaycanda yod at1_mazl11n1n aradan qald1r1lmas1 ( halinin keyfiyyYtli duzla tYminat1 devizi alt1nda keirilYn) mvzusunda elmi-praktik konfrans1n materiallar1. Bak1, 2008. sYh 15-18. 30. .0.hmYdov. %N@O: 4C7C=C= 8=A0= 3840AK=40 D878>;>J8 OIO<899OB8.  AzYrbaycanda yod at1_mazl11n1n aradan qald1r1lmas1 ( halinin keyfiyyYtli duzla tYminat1 devizi alt1nda keirilYn) mvzusunda elmi-praktik konfrans1n materiallar1. Bak1, 2008.sYh. 13-15. Rus dilindY E<54>2 .. 8 4@. 7CG5=85 25I5AB2, 2E>4OI8E 2 A>AB02 MD8@=KE <0A5;. 1 MD8@=>< <0A;5 H0D@0=0 (Crocus sativus L.). 74.  07. !! . A5@8O E8<8O. 2K?.5. ;<0-B0. 1972. AB@. 56-59. E<54>2 .. AA;54>20=85 A2>1>4=KE 8 A2O70==KE :><?>=5=B>2 A>AB020 MD8@=KE <0A5; H0D@0=0 8 8E 87<5=5=85 2 ?@>F5AA5 E@0=5=8O. 0B5@80;K =0CG=>-B5<0B8G5A:>9 :>=D5@5=F88 0A?8@0=B>2 8 <>;>4KE CG5=KE. 0:C. 74. 7%0 8<. .C=80B7045. 1972. AB@. 348-355. E<54>2 ..  ?@>872>4AB25 8 :0G5AB25 75@109460=A:>3> H0D@0=0. "0< 65. !B@. 532-538. E<54>2 .. 0G5AB25==>5 >?@545;5=85 :@0AOI8E 25H5AB2 8 A0E0@>2 H0D@0=0 <5B>4>< E@><0B>3@0D88 =0 1C<035.. 0B5@80;K =0CG=>-B5<0B8G5A:>9 :>=D5@5=F88 0A?8@0=B>2 8 <>;>4KE CG5=KE. '0ABL II 0:C. 74. 7%0 8<. .C=80B7045. 1972. AB@. 258-262. E<54>2 .. AA;54>20=85 B>20@>254=KE A2>9AB2 H0D@0=0, 2K@0I8205<>3> 2 75@109460=A:>9 !! . 2B>@5D5@0B 48AA5@B0F88 =0 A>8A:0=85 CG5=>9 AB5?5=8 :0=4840B0 B5E=8G5A:8E =0C:. 0:C. 1972. 24 AB@. E<54>2 .. 8 4@. =0;87 MD8@=>3> <0A;0 H0D@0=0. 0A;>-68@>20O ?@><KH;5==>ABL. .; 1973. ! 1. AB@. 26-27. E<54>2 .. @O=>AB8 8 ?@8?@02K 2 75@109460=A:>9 :C;8=0@88. C@=0; 1I5AB25==>5 ?8B0=85. .; 1977. ! 9. AB@. 42-43. E<54>2 .. >2K9 ?8I52:CA>2>9 M:AB@0:B 87 48:>9 <CH<C;K. C@=0; >=A5@2=0O 8 >2>I5ACH8;L=0O ?@><KH;5==>ABL. 1979. ! 7. AB@. 22-24. E<54>2 .. A=>2=K5 =0?@02;5=8O 8A?>;L7>20=8O ?@O=>-0@><0B8G5A:8E @0AB5=89 75@109460=0 A F5;LN 70<5=K 8<?>@B=KE ?@O=>AB59.  8=. @>1;5<K C;CGH5=8O :0G5AB20 8 D>@<8@>20=8O 0AA>@B8<5=B0 B>20@>2 =0@>4=>3> ?>B@51;5=8O. 0:C. 1982. AB@. 68-71. E<54>2 .. 7CG5=8O 87<5=5=8O A>45@60=8O 2;038 2 H0D@0=5 ?@8 @07;8G=KE CA;>28OE E@0=5=8O- 2 A1>@=8:5 :BC0;L=K5 ?@>1;5<K B>20@>2545=8O 8 >@30=870F8O B>@3>2;8 ?@>4>2>;LAB25==K<8 B>20@0<8, "/45?./, 0:C, 1986, !8/178/,AB@. 109-116. E<54>2 .., 046852 .. 5B>4K 8AA;54>20=8O :>;8G5AB25==>3> 8 :0G5AB25==>3> A>AB020 MD8@=KE <0A5; 2 ?@O=>-0@><0B8G5A:8E @0AB5=8OE. 0:K /<BOOHF=0A;K3-><<5@A890 =AB8BCBC ?@>D5AA>@-<FO;;8< I59OB8=8= 1996-6K 8;8= 5;<8-BO43830B 8H;O@8=8= 95:C=;0@K=0 IOA@ >;C=<CH :>=D@0=AK= <0B5@80;;0@K. 0:K. '0HK>L;C. 1997. AOI. 42-44. E<54>2 .., ;N40 A>2@5<5==>9 75@109460=A:>9 :CE=8(=0 @CAA:>< O7K:5), 0:C, 8A<OB, 2006, 25 G.2. AB@.386-390. E<54>2 .., 75@109460=A:O :CE=O, 0:C, O=46;8:, 2008, 24,75 G.2. AB@.349-377. '>3>20475 (.., E<54>2 .. 5@5@01>B:0 H0D@0=0. C@=0; 5=4 E0;0BK. 0:C. 1970. ! 8. AB@. 26-27. '>3>20475 (.., E<54>2 .. ;8O=85 C?0:>2:8 8 @568<0 E@0=5=8O =0 :0G5AB2>H0D@0=0. C@=0; !>25BA:0O B>@3>2;O. .; 1972. ! 1. AB@. 51-52. 0ST0FAD OLUNMU^ /4O18990B Ap_eronda zYfYran becYrmYyY dair aqrogstYri_lYr. Bak1, AzYrnY_r, 1940. 010952 . O681 4OD=O. 0:K. 7O@=OH@. 1965. Qurvi N.L. , Zudulina V.0. ZYfYran. Bak1,SSR0 EA Az.F nY_riyyat1, 1940. O<8@>2 ., #;CE0=>2 . O@81O 18B:8;O@. 0:K. 7O@=OH@. 1963. skYrov . ZYfYran. Bak1, AzYrnY_r, 1934. A:O=4O@>2 /. /@703 <0;;0@K O<BOOHF=0A;KLK (G09, 3OI2O, O428990B 2O B0<;K 30B3K;0@). 0:K. 7O@BO4@8A=OH@. 1963. Rzaquliyev 0.M. ZYfYran1n iYklYmY biologiyas1. Az.SSR EA xYbYrlYri ,1948, ! 2, sYh. 105. Rzaquliyev 0.M. MxtYlif zYfYran nmunYlYrinin Ap_eron _YraitindY yrYnilmYsinY dair.  S.M.Kirov ad. ADU-nun elmi YsYrlYri (Biologiya seriyas1) 1959, ! 5,, sYh. 3. Rzaquliyev 0.M. Suvarman1n zYfYran1n mYhsuldarl11na tYsiri..  S.M.Kirov ad. ADU-nun elmi YsYrlYri (Biologiya seriyas1) 1956, ! 9,, sYh. 83. Rzaquliyev 0.M. Suvarma, zv vY mineral gbrYlYrin zYfYran1n mYhsuldarl11na tYsiri..  S.M.Kirov ad. ADU-nun elmi YsYrlYri (Biologiya seriyas1) 1959, ! 1,, sYh. 3. Rzaquliyev 0.M. Suvarman1n vY i_lYnmi_ qumbrinin zYfYran1n mYhsuldarl11na tYsiri..  S.M.Kirov ad. ADU-nun elmi YsYrlYri (Biologiya seriyas1) 1959, ! 2,, sYh.3. Sidorov V. ZYfYran. Bak1, U_aqgYncnY_r,1951. ^iriyev Q.A. ZYfYran bitk1s1n1n aqrotexniki qaydalar1 haqq1nda, Bak1, 1968. CA 48;8=4O ;5:A552 .. 5:0@AB25==K5 @0AB5=8O 035AB0=0. 0E0G:0;0. 1971. =CD@852 ., 8@8;;>20 ., 8:=0475 . !>CAK, A?5F88. .; >AB>@38740B. 1956. 192 AB@. =CD@852 .. @83>B>2;5=85 A>CA>2. .; >AB>@38740B. 1995. 88 AB@. 17. @BNH5=:> .". 07<=>65=85 H0D@0=0 Crokus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rocus reticulteis steir) =0 N35 >@>=56A:>9 >1;0AB8.  :=. E@0=0 ?@8@>4K F5=B@0;L=>-G5@=>75<=>9 ?>;>AK, 1960, ! 3, AB@. 341. 5=8= !.. 8 4@. 07>E@><0B8G5A:0O E0@0:B5@8AB8:0 MD8@=KE <0A5; ?@O=>AB59. C@=0; >?@>AK ?8B0=8O. .; 1971. ! 3. AB@. 75-77. 5=8= !.. 8 4@. >2K5 284K A<5A59 ?@O=>AB59 4;O C;CGH5=8O 2:CA0 ?8I8. ". >=A5@2=0O, >2>I5ACH8;L=0O 8 ?8I5:>=F5=B@0B=0O ?@><KH;5==>ABL. &"-. 8I5?@><. K?. 1. 1971. AB@. 6-12. >;KH5=:>2 .. 5:0@AB25==K5 @0AB5=8O 8 8E 8A?>;L7>20=85. 74. 3-5., ?5@5@01>B. 8 4>?. >4 >1I.@54. .!.070@>20. !0@0=A:. 1971. 380 AB@. 38. >@O52 .. -D8@=>5 <0A;> $;>@K !!! . 74.  070EA:>9 !! . ;<0-B0,1952, AB@. 134. 39. >@O52 .. %0@0:B5@8AB8:0 E8<8G5A:8E A>548=5=89, 2E>4OI8E 2 A>AB02 MD8@=KE <0A5;. ;<0-B0,1953. 40. >@O52 .. 8 ;820 . 5B>4K 8AA;54>20=8O MD8@=KE <0A5;. 74.  070EA:>9 !! . ;<0-B0,1962. 41. @>A359< .. $;>@0 02:070, B>< 2, 0:C, 74. 75@1. $8;80;0  !!! ,1940, AB@. 200. @>A<0= .. 8 4@. 5B>4 >?@545;5=8O A>45@60=8O MD8@=KE <0A5; 2 A;04:>< ?5@F5 8 C:@>?5. C@=0; >=A5@2=0O 8 >1I5ACH8;L=0O ?@><KH;5==>ABL. 1971. ! 1. AB@. 30-32. C10 .. "09=K I54@>3> AB>;0. =5?@>?5B@>2A:. @><8=L. 1976. 256 AB@. C428= ". !@02=8B5;L=0O 18>E8<8O :0@>B8=>84>2. ., 1954. @N=5@ .!. 8 4@. ">20@>2545=85 2:CA>2KE B>20@>2. .; >AB>@38740B. 1962. 55< /=>2 ./. 8 4@. -D8@=K5 <0A;0. E A>AB02 8 0=0;87. 2->5 874. ., 1933 <8B@852 . (0D@0=. C@.-!>F80;8AB8G5A:>5 75<;545;85, 1945. ! 151, AB@. 4. 2AB83=552 .. 8 4@. "09=K ?@>4C:B>2 ?8B0=8O. .; 8I520O ?@><KH;5==>ABL. 1972. 216 AB@. 3>H8= .. CE=O =0@>4>2 @01A:>3> 03@810. .; 3@>?@><8740B. 1989. AB@. 384. 0@4018 0A0=-15:.@>872>4AB2> H0D@0=0 2 0:8=A:>< C5745.  :=. 71@0==K5 AB0BL8 8 ?8AL<0. "><. 1, 0:C, 74.  75@1. !! ,1962, AB@. 248. 0E0@>20 .$., ">;G8=A:0O .. CB5H5AB285 2 AB@0=C :C;8=0@8N. 8H8=52. "8<?C;. 1987. 160 AB@. 5<;8=A:89 !.. 5:0@AB25==K5 @0AB5=8O !!! , ., 1958. 8=>2L520 "..  2>?@>AC > 18>;>388 H0D@0=0 2 @K<C. 74. @K<A:. 54. =AB8BCB0 8<. ..$@C=75. :=. 1, 1927, AB@ 93. 20=>20 .. 8 (02>@A:0O ".. 57C;LB0BK 8A?KB0=8O =5:>B>@KE ?@O=KE @0AB5=89 2 1>B0=8G5A:>< A04C :045<88 0C: >;402A:>9 !! . 74.:04.=0C: >;4.!! . 1962. ! 12. AB@. 49-65. <7> CAB02. (0D@0=/ 2 :=. @><KH;5==>5 @0AB5=85/ 5@. A 3-3> D@0=FC7A:>3> 8740=8O, 1893 3. $.5;. "8D;8A. =AB8BCB >1-2> A5;. %-20, 1895 3. 0=45;0:8 .. 8 575;8 "..  87CG5=8N ?@O=KE @0AB5=89 @C788.  :=. !>AB>O=85 8 ?5@A?5:B82K 87CG5=8O @0AB8B5;L=KE @5AC@A>2 !!! . .-.; 74.:04.=0C: !!! . 1958. AB@. 449-452. 0?5;52 ., 0H0?>2 . @O=>0@><0B8G5A:85 @0AB5=8O. "02@8O. !8<D5@>?>;L. 1973. 96 AB@. 0?8=>A .. 8>;>38G5A:85 >A=>2K :C;LBC@K ;C:>28G=KE 8 :;C1=5;C:>28G=KE @0AB5=89 =0 ?H5@>=5. 2B>@5D5@0B 4>:B>@A:>9 48AA5@B0F88. 5=8=3@04, 1962. 0?8=>A .. 8>;>38G5A:85 70:>=><5@=>AB8 @0728B8O ;C:>28G=KE 8 :;C1=5;C:>28G=KE @0AB5=89 =0 ?H5@>=5. 74.  75@1. !! , 0:C,1965. 0?8=>A .. &8B>M<1@8>;>38G5A:89 0=0;87 AB5@8;L=>AB8 Crorus sativus L. 72.  75@1. !! , A5@. 8>;. 0C:, 1965, ! 1, AB@.15. 0AC<>2 $... 8>E8<8G5A:>5 87CG5=85 42CE ?@O=>0@><0B8G5A:8E @0AB5=89 ?H5@>=0 8 A?>A>1K 2K45;5=8O 87 =8E F5==KE ?@>4C:B>2. 2B>@5D5@0B :0=4.48A.  75@1 !! . >B. =AB8BCB 8<. ..><0@>20. 0:C. 1968. 0AC<>2 $... 7CG5=85 MD8@=>3> <0A;0 8 ?>;CG5=8O ?8I52:CA>2>3> M:AB@0:B0 87 F25B:>2 H0D@0=0.- 0A;>-68@>20O ?@><KH;5==>ABL, 1970, ! 9, AB@.26. >20;LA:89 $... !>;L 687=8.., 54@0 1983. >;;5:B82 02B>@>2. B5G5AB25==K5 ?@O=>AB8 2 :>=A5@28@>20=88. 852. 0C:>20 4C<:0. 1986. 104 AB@. >;;5:B82 02B>@>2. @O=>-0@><0B8G5A:85 @0AB5=8O !!!  8 8E 8A?>;L7>20=85 2 ?8I52>9 ?@><KH;5==>AB8. .; 1963. 8I5?@><8740B. 432 AB@. >;>B>20 ..  2>?@>AC 2;8O=8O <8=5@0;L=KE C4>1@5=89 =0 C@>609 8 :0G5AB2> H0D@0=0.(@5420@8B5;L=>5 A>>1I5=85), "@C4K. 3@>E8<8G5A:85 8 ?>G25==K5 8AA;54>20=88O.K?CA: (-#(. 0:C, 75@=5H@,1937, AB@. 101. >A ..  42CE D>@<0E H0D@0=0 4>;8==>3>(Crocus vallicola Herbert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c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lasi O. Le Safran, culture et alle ration. Trawaux de Loffice Nat. des Mat. prem.veqet., 1928, #29,33. Bowles E..A. Handbook of Crocus, 1924. Karasova K. On the triploid of crocus sativus L. and its high steribity.   The Japonese Journal of Genetics . Tokyo, 1933, V.IX, #1, p.6-8. Karasova K. Karyological studies in Crocus I.   Jap. Journ. Of Botany , 1937, vol. 9, #1, p.1-15. Karasova K. Karyological studies in Crocus II.   Jap. Journ. Of Botany , 1940, vol. 11, #2, p.129-140. Karrer P. and Jusker E.  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Uber die konstitutien des Pikro-crocine und seine Bezichung zu den Carotin - Farbstoffea des safrane.   Berichte der deutachen chemisches gosellschaft , 1934, ges. 67, ! 2, s. 344-357.  Saffron .  Sci.and Ind .(Pakistan). 1967, 5. ! 4. s. 581-584. Voshijiro Misusava. A Bacterial Rot of the Saffran crocus/ -  Japanese Journal of Botany . 1922, vol. 1, ! 1. Normativ  teniki sYnYdlYr !" 16732-81 5;5=L ?5B@CH:8, A5;L45@5O 8 C:@>?0 ACH5=0O. !" 16731-81 5;K5 :>@5=LO ?5B@CH:8, A5;L45@5O 8 ?0AB5@=0:0 ACH5=K5. "5E=8G5A:85 CA;>28O. !" 21567-86 "@020 <09>@0=0. !" 21570-86 "@020 7C1@>2:8. !" 1683-81 !<5A8 ACH5=KE >2>I59 4;O ?5@2KE 1;N4. "5E=8G5A:85 CA;>28O. !" 91159-71 !5<5=0 3>@G8FK ?@><KH;5==>5 AK@L5. "@51>20=8O ?@8 703>B>2:0E !" 12094-76 0: <0A;8G=K9 ?@><KH;5==>5 AK@L5. "5E=8G5A:85 CA;>28O. !" 12095-76 C=6CB ?@><KH;5==>5 AK@L5. "5E=8G5A:85 CA;>28O. !" 17081-83 >@80=4@ ?@><KH;5==>5 AK@L5. "@51>20=8O ?@8 703>B>2:0E. !" 18315-88 =8A ?@><KH;5==>5 AK@L5. "@51>20=85 ?@8 703>B>2:0E. 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"5E=8G5A:85 CA;>28O. !" 17082,1-81 ;>4K MD8@=><0A;8G=KE :C;LBC@, ?@><KH;5==>5 AK@L5. 5B>4K >B1>@0 ?@>1 8 2K45;5=8O =025A>:. !" 17082,2-88 ;>4K MD8@=><0A;8G=KE :C;LBC@, ?@><KH;5==>5 AK@L5. 5B>4 >?@545;5=8O 2;06=>AB8. !" 17082,3-88 ;>4K MD8@=><0A;8G=KE :C;LBC@, ?@><KH;5==>5 AK@L5. 5B>4 >?@545;5=8O A>45@60=8O @0A:>;>BKE ?;>4>2, A>@=>9 8 MD8@=><0A;8G=KE ?@8<5A59. !" 17082,4-88 ;>4K MD8@=><0A;8G=KE :C;LBC@, ?@><KH;5==>5 AK@L5. 5B>4K >?@545;5=8O 70?0E0 8 70@065==>AB8 2@548B5;O<8. !" 17082,5-88 ;>4K MD8@=><0A;8G=KE :C;LBC@, ?@><KH;5==>5 AK@L5. 5B>4K >?@545;5=8O. !>45@60=8O MD8@=>3> <0A;0. !" 13884-67. !>;L ?>20@5==0O ?8I520O 4;O M:A?>@B0. #?0:>2:0, <0@:8@>2:0, B@0=A?>@B8@>20=85 8 E@0=5=85. !" 13685-91. !>;L ?>20@5==0O ?8I520O. 5B>4K 8A?KB0=89. !" 13230-91. !>;L ?>20@5==0O ?8I520O !" 6076-51 8 !" 6077-51. 1I5A>N7=K9 AB0=40@B. !"-4413. !" 18-38-86 @O=>AB8 :>@80=4@. !" 18-272-86 @O=>AB8. $0A>2:0, C?0:>2:0, <0@:8@>2:0, E@0=5=85 8 B@0=A?>@B8@>20=85. !" 18-274-86 @O=>AB8. 5@5F 4CH8ABK9. !" 18-275-86 @O=>AB8. <18@L. !" 18-276-86 @O=>AB8. 2>748:0. !" 18-277-86 @O=>AB8. CA:0B=K9 >@5E. !" 18-278-86 @O=>AB8. >@8F0. !" 18-279-86 @O=>AB8. 5@5F G5@=K9 8 15;K9. !" 18-280-86 @O=>AB8. CA:0B=K9 F25B. !" 18-281-86 @O=>AB8. (0D@0=. !" 18-283-86 @O=>AB8. 5@5F :@0A=K9 <>;>BK9. !" 18-284-86 @O=>AB8. 04LO=. "# 75@1.!!  16-70. M N D  R 0 C A T n sz mumi giri_ FS0L 1. VTN0M0ZD YET0^N DV0YYLR tirli-YdviyyYli bitkilYrin kimyYvi tYrkibi vY fizioloji YhYmiyyYti  1.1.1.2.trirli-YdviyyY bitkilYrin tYsnifat11.3.AzYrbaycanda becYrilYn vY yaban1 halda yeti_Yn Ytirli-YdviyyY bitkilYrin sYciyyYsi1.4.Yeyinyi sYnayesinin mxtYlif sahYlYrindY Ytirli-YdviyyY bitkilYrindYn istifadY olunmas1FSIL 2. ZFRAN2.1.ZYfYran1n tYsYrrfat YhYmiyyYti2.2.AzYrbaycanda zYfYran yeti_dirilmYsi tarixindYn2.3.ZYfYran1n botaniki tYsviri2.4.ZYfYrYn1n nv mxtYlifliyi2.5.ZYfYran1n biologiyas12.5.1.KrpY yumrusoanaqlar1n inki_af1 vY zYfYran1n oxalmas12.5.2.ZYfYran1n iYklYmY dvr vY iYyin qurulu_u2.6.ZYfYranin aqrotexnikas1n1n bYzi mYsYlYlYri2.6.1.ZYfYran hans1 _YraitdY yax_1 bitir2.6.2.Yeni zYfYran plantasiyalar1n1n sal1nmas12.6.3.Soanaqlar1n YkilmYsi2.6.4.Plantasiyalar1n gbrYlYnmYsi2.6.5.ZYfYran1n xYstYlik vY ziyanvericilYri2.7. ZYfYran1n kimyYvi tYrkibi2.8.ZYfYran1n y11lmas1, qurudulmas1, qabla_d1r1lmas1 vY saxlan1lmas12.9. ZYfYran1n keyfiyyYtinY ver1lYn tYlYb2.10.ZYfYran1n keyfiyyYtinin vY saxlan1lma zaman1 tYrkibinin dYyi_mYsinin yrYnilmYsi2.10.1.ZYfYran telindYki kln miqdar1 vY onun elementar tYrkibi2.10.2.Saxlan1lma zaman1 zYfYran efir ya1n1n miqdar1n1n dYyi_mYsi2.10.3.Saxlan1lma zaman1 boya maddYlYrinin miqdar1n1n dYyi_mYsi2.10.4.ZYfYran efir ya1n1n keyfiyyYtcY tYrkibi2.11.ZYfYran istehsal1n1n art1r1lmas1n1n ehtiyat mYnbYlYri vY iqtisad1 YhYmiyyYti2.12.NYticYFS0L 3. DFN YARPAI3.1.DYfnY yarpa1n1n kimyYvi tYrkibi vY fizioloji YhYmiyyYti3.2.DYfnYnin botaniki nvlYri, sortlar1 vY keyfiyyYtinY ver1lYn tYlYb3.3.DYfnY yarpainin keyfiyyYtinY verilYn tYlYb3.4.DYfnY yarpa1n1n y11lmas1, qurudulmas1 vY qabla_d1r1lmas13.5.NYcib dYfnYnin xYstYlik vY ziyanverlc1lYri3.6.DYfnY yarpa1n1n tYtkibinin vY keyfiyyYtinin yrYnilmYsi3.6.1.DYfnY yarpa1n1n orqanoleptiki gstYricilYrinin yrYnilmYsi3.6.2.DYfnY yarpa1n1n fiziki-kimyYvi gstYticilYri vY saxlan1lmas1 zaman1 ba_ verYn proseslYr.3.6.3 DYfnY yarpa1n1n hiqroskopikliyinin yrYnilmYsi3.6.4.DYfnY yarpa1n1n saxlan1lmas1 zaman1 efir ya1n1n miqdar1n1n dYyi_mYsi 3.7.NYticYFS0L 4. XARICDN ALINAN DVIYYLR4.1. XaricdYn alinan YdviyyYlYrin tYsnifat14.2.XaricdYn alinan YdviyyYlYrin e_idi4.3.dviyyYlYrin keyfiyyYtini qoruyan amillYr4.4.XaricdYn al1nan YdviyyYlYrin keyfiyyYtinin yrYnilmYs14.4.1.Orta nmunYnin gtrlmYsi4.4.2.XaricdYn al1nan YdviyyYlYrin orqanoleptiki gstYricilYrinin yrYnilmYs14.4.3.XaricdYn al1nan YdviyyYlYrin kimyYvi tYrkibinin dYyi_mYsinin yrYnilmYs14.5.NYticYFS0L 5. DVIYY QARI^IQLARI5.1.dviyyY qar11qlar1 n xaricdYn alinan YdviyyYlYrin YvYzedicilYrinin hazirlanmasi5.2.dviyyY qar11qlar1n1n e_idi vY keyfiyyYt gstYricilYri5.3. AzYrbaycan kulinariyas1nda istifadY olunan YdviyyY qar11qlar1nin e_idi5.4.MxtYlif Yrzaq mYhsullar1 n yeni YdviyyY qar11qlar1nin haz1rlanmas15.5dviyyYlYrin vY YdviyyY qar1_1qlar1n1n orqanoleptiki gstYricilYrinin yrYnilmYs1 5.6.dviyyYlYrin vY YdviyyY qar1_1qlar1n1n fiziki-kimyYvi gstYricilYrinin yrYnilmYs15.7.AzYrbaycan _YraitindY istifadY olunacaq yeni YdviyyY qar11qlar1nin e_idinin art1r1lmas1 yollar1NYticYFSIL 6. TAMLI QATMALAR6.1. Taml1 qatmalar1n tYsnifat16.2.AzYrbaycan kulunariyas1nda istifadY olunan taml1 qatmalar1n e_idi6.2.1.Yeyinti tur_ular16.2.2.Souslar6.2.3.tirli-YdviyyYli bitkilYrdYn al1nan taml1 qatmalar6.2.4.MeyvY-gilYmeyvYlYrdYn al1nan taml1 qatmalar6.2.4.1.TYzY meyvY vY gilYmeyvYlYr6.2.4.2.Qurudulmu_ meyvY vY gilYmeyvYlYr6.2.4.3.^irYlYr, ekstraktlar vY preyYbYnzYr mYhsullar6.2.5.Duza vY sirkYyY qoyulmu_ taml1 qatmalar6.3.Taml1 qatmalar1n orqanoleptiki gstYricilYrinin yrYnilmYs16.4.Taml1 qatmalar1n kimyYvi tYrkibinin yrYnilmYs16.5.AzYrbaycan kulinar1yas1nda istifadY etmYk mYqsYdilY yeni nv taml1 qatmalar1n al1nmas16.6.NYticYFSIL 7. XRK DUZU7.1.Duzun kimuyYvi tYrkibi, tYyinat1 vY insan qidas1 n fizioloji YhYmiyyYti7.2.XrYk duzunun tYsnifat1 vY ayri-ayr1 duz nvlYrinin tYrkib xsusiyyYtlYri7.3.Duzun YmtYY sortlar1 vY standart zrY keyfiyyYt gstYricilYri.7.4.Duzun qabla_d1r1lmas1, markalanmas1 vY saxlan1lmas17.5.Duzun keyfiyyYtinin yrYnilmYs17.5.1.Orta nmunYnin gtrlmYsi7.5.2.XrYk duzunun orqanoleptiki gstYricilYrinin yrYnilmYsi7.5.3.XrYk duzunun fiziki-kimyYvi gstYricilYrinin yrYnilmYsi7.6.Masaz1r glndYki _oran duzdan qida mYqsYdl1Yri n vacuum duzunun istehsal1n1n Ysasland1r1lmas17.7NYticY ;<8 2O ?@0:B8:8 OIO<899OB;8 =OB86O;Or 57N<5 - @O=>AB8 8 ?@8?@02K Summary - Speces and condiments dviyyYlYrin vY taml1 qatmalar1n ad gstYricisi Monoqrafiyan1n mvzusu zrY nY_r olunan YsYrlYrin siyah1s1 0stifadY olunmu_ YdYbiyyat    C4=16,360 :3=0,016 B  $C=B (M8@2O=:O)=410 3     PAGE  PAGE 2 H2 C2 ) __ )) __ )2 __ ) + 0   ) 0 +  __ __ __ ) )2 ))  __ __ __ ) )2 )) )     (   & L   t |  l   z! 0# 2# 4# # .$ 0$ T`Tgd`$Tdh`Ta$gd`T`Tgd`$ & FTdh^`Ta$gd  l 0# 2# 4# 8# :# ># # # # # ˼}kYI6$hXx5CJOJQJ\aJmH,sH,h!h!5OJQJmH,sH,"h!h!5>*OJQJmH,sH,"h!h!5>*OJQJmH,sH,h!5>*OJQJmH,sH,"hh5>*OJQJmH,sH,h5>*OJQJmH,sH,hVhVOJQJmH,sH,h)h}OJQJmH,sH, h)h}CJOJQJmH,sH, h}h}CJOJQJmH,sH,#h}h}CJH*OJQJmH,sH, # # $ $ $ .$ J$ v$ $% `% * 6, , , . 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$dha$gd$E$dh`a$gd$E$dh`a$gd$E$ & Fdha$gd$E$ & Fdha$gd$E$dh^a$gd$E N P R n   |||| $$Ifa$gd$Evkd$$Ifl4k0 "` 064 la      bYMMM $$Ifa$gd$E $Ifgd$Ekd$$Ifl4k\ eR"  064 la      d[OOO $$Ifa$gd$E $Ifgd$EkdW$$Iflk\ eR" 064 la      d[OOO $$Ifa$gd$E $Ifgd$Ekd$$Iflk\ eR" 064 la  2 8 > D d[OOO $$Ifa$gd$E $Ifgd$Ekd$$Iflk\ eR" 064 laD F R V Z ^ d[OOO $$Ifa$gd$E $Ifgd$Ekd$$Iflk\ eR" 064 la^ ` n t z  d[OOO $$Ifa$gd$E $Ifgd$Ekd?$$Iflk\ eR" 064 la      d[OOO $$Ifa$gd$E $Ifgd$Ekd$$Iflk\ eR" 064 la      d[OOO $$Ifa$gd$E $Ifgd$Ekd$$Iflk\ eR" 064 la      d[OOO $$Ifa$gd$E $Ifgd$Ekdm$$Iflk\ eR" 064 la      d[OOO $$Ifa$gd$E $Ifgd$Ekd'$$Iflk\ eR" 064 la      >   dUUGGGGG$ & Fdha$gd$E$dh`a$gd$Ekd$$Iflk\ eR" 064 la   H ! 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